Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T10:24:50.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Defects in Ceramic Oxides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Arthur S. Nowick
Get access

Extract

The topic that I am attempting to cover easily requires a whole book to do it justice. To deal with it in a short article, I will focus on a few basic principles that dominate the behavior of defects in oxides and then present some examples taken from well-studied and relatively well-understood materials.

The study of defects in oxides differs from the study of defects in metals and alloys or in semiconductors in several important ways. First, oxides generally have very high melting points so that intrinsic point defect concentrations at temperatures below ~1500°C are usually negligibly small. Second, an oxide does not always maintain the composition at which it was fabricated, as alloys do, but can exchange oxygen with the ambient atmosphere, according to the ambient partial pressure of oxygen, P(O2). Thus, the stoichiometry, and accordingly the defect concentration, can be controlled by annealing in a specific P(O2) atmosphere. Third, and most important, oxides have a high degree of ionicity so that most point defects possess an effective charge. The consequences of this fact are far reaching; some of them are as follows:

1. In a binary oxide, e.g. a metal oxide (MO), there are two sublattices. The diffusion of cations and of anions proceeds each on its own sublattice, involving different point defects. Accordingly, cation and anion diffusion rates can be very different and, in fact, usually are.

Type
Point Defects Part I
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 16 , Issue 11 , November 1991 , pp. 38 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Kroger, F.A. and Vink, H.J., Solid State Phys. 3 (1956) p. 307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Lidiard, A.B., Handb. Phys. 20 (1957) p. 246.Google Scholar
3.Franklin, A.D., in Point Defects in Solids, Vol. 1, edited by Crawford, J.H. and Slifkin, L.M. (Plenum Press, 1972), Chapter 1.Google Scholar
4.Computer Simulation of Solids, edited by Catlow, C.R.A. and Mackrodt, W.C. (Springer Verlag, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Wuench, B.J., Semken, S.C., Uchikoba, F., and Yoo, H-I., to appear in Adv. Ceramics, Dec. 1991.Google Scholar
6.Mackrodt, W.C. and Stewart, R.F., J. Phys. C 12 (1979) p. 5015.Google Scholar
7.Kilner, J.A., Ilkov, L., and Steele, B.C.H., Solid State Ionics 12 (1984) p. 89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Peterson, N.L., Cryst. Lattice Defects and Amorph. Mat. 12 (1985) p. 59.Google Scholar
9.Dieckmann, R., Zeits. Phys. Chem. N.F. 107 (1977), p. 189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Tarento, R.J. and Monty, C., Solid State Ionics 28–30 (1988) p. 1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Nowick, A.S., Defect and Diffusion Forum 66–69 (1989) p. 229.Google Scholar
12.Tuller, H. and Nowick, A.S., J. Electrochem. Soc. 122 (1975) p. 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Nowick, A.S., in Diffusion in Crystalline Solids, edited by Murch, G.E. and Nowick, A.S. (Academic Press, 1984), Chapter 3.Google Scholar
14.Nowick, A.S. and Heller, W.R., Adv. Phys. 14 (1965) p. 101; Adv. Phys. 16 (1967) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Gerhardt, R., Lee, W.K. and Nowick, A.S., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 48 (1987) p. 563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Wang, D.Y., Park, D.S., Griffith, J., and Nowick, A.S., J. Solid State Ionics 2 (1981) p. 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Smyth, D.M., in Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 15 (1984) p. 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Chan, N-H., Sharma, R.K., and Smyth, D.M., J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) p. 1762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Iwahara, H., Solid State Ionics 28–30 (1988) p. 573; W-K. Lee, A.S. Nowick, and L.A. Boatner, Solid State Ionics 18–19 (1986) p. 989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Structure and Properties of MgO and Al2O3 Ceramics (Advances in Ceramics Series, 10, American Ceramic Society, 1984).Google Scholar
21. See, for example, Jorgensen, J.D., Physics Today 44 (1991) p. 34, or the paper by Suenaga in this issue of the MRS Bulletin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.The Chemistry of Extended Defects in Non-Metallic Solids, edited by Eyring, L. and O'Keeffe, M. (North-Holland, 1970).Google Scholar
23.Tilley, R.J.D., Defect Crystal Chemistry (Blackie, Glasgow, 1987).Google Scholar