Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T20:17:21.771Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nepal's Ongoing Political Transformation: A review of post-2006 literature on conflict, the state, identities, and environments*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2016

SARA SHNEIDERMAN ,
LUKE WAGNER ,
JACOB RINCK ,
AMY L. JOHNSON  and
AUSTIN LORD
SARA SHNEIDERMAN
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia, Canada Email: sara.shneiderman@ubc.ca
LUKE WAGNER
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Yale University, United States of America Email: luke.wagner@yale.edu
JACOB RINCK
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Yale University, United States of America Email: jacob.rinck@yale.edu
AMY L. JOHNSON
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, United States of America Email: amy.l.johnson@yale.edu
AUSTIN LORD
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, United States of America Email: al947@cornell.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This review article provides a reading guide to scholarly literature published in English about Nepal's political transformation since 2006, when Nepal's decade-long civil conflict between Maoist and state forces formally ended. The article is structured around four major themes: (1) the Maoist insurgency or ‘People's War’; (2) state formation and transformation; (3) identity politics; and (4) territorial and ecological consciousness. We also address the dynamics of migration and mobility in relation to all of these themes. Ultimately, we consider the Maoist movement as one element in a much broader process of transformation, which with the benefit of hindsight we can situate in relation to several other contemporaneous trajectories, including: democratization, identity-based mobilization, constitutional nationalism, international intervention, territorial restructuring, migration and the remittance economy, and the emergence of ecological and other new forms of consciousness. By looking across the disciplines at scholarship published on all of these themes, we aim to connect the dots between long-standing disciplinary traditions of scholarship on Nepal and more recent approaches to understanding the country's transformation.

Type
Review Article
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 50 , Issue 6 , November 2016 , pp. 2041 - 2114
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

We thank Yale University's Department of Anthropology for hosting the year-long graduate seminar in 2013–2014 out of which this article emerged, and K. Sivaramakrishnan for nurturing the idea behind it. Within our five-author collective, we acknowledge the following organizations that supported elements of our individual scholarship during the review and writing period: the Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship; the Fulbright Commission in Nepal; the National Science Foundation; the Wenner-Gren Foundation; the Department of Anthropology, the Institute of Asian Research, and the Hampton Research Fund at the University of British Columbia; and the following units at Yale University: Department of Anthropology, Department of Sociology, MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, South Asian Studies Council, and Yale Himalaya Initiative. We thank the many friends and colleagues who have shaped our thinking and writing over time, and the family members who have supported our work. We cannot name everyone individually, but recognize the many important conversations that took place in Nepal at the Carter Center, the Cornell Nepal Study Program, Martin Chautari, Social Science Baha, the Central Departments of Sociology and Anthropology at Tribhuvan University, and Patipa Palace. We are grateful to our four anonymous reviewers, whose recommendations significantly improved this article. Finally, we thank the editors of Modern Asian Studies, especially Norbert Peabody, for their interest, patience, and guidance.

References

Acharya, A., ‘The Maoist insurgency and the political economy of violence’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-First Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 263–283.Google Scholar
Adhikari, A., ‘Revolution by other means: the transformation of Nepal's Maoists in a time of peace’, in Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, von Einsiedel, S., Malone, D., and Pradhan, S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 265–285.Google Scholar
Adhikari, A., The Bullet and the Ballot Box: The Story of Nepal's Maoist Revolution, Verso Books, London, 2014.Google Scholar
Adhikari, J., Under the Shadow of the Red Flag: Travels During Nepal's Armed Conflict, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2014.Google Scholar
Adhikari, J. and Dhungana, H., ‘The state and forest resources: an historical analysis of policies affecting forest management in the Nepalese Tarai’, Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, vol. 29, nos 1–2, 2009, pp. 43–56.Google Scholar
Adhikari, J. and Hobley, M., Everyone is Leaving, who Will Sow our Fields?: The Effects of Migration from Khotang District to the Gulf and Malaysia, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Adhikari, K. and Gellner, D. N., ‘New identity politics and the 2012 collapse of Nepal's Constituent Assembly: when the dominant becomes the other’, Modern Asian Studies, FirstView, doi: 10.1017/S0026749X15000438, 2016.Google Scholar
Adhikari, P., ‘Conflict-induced displacement, understanding the causes of flight’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 57, no. 1, 2013, pp. 82–89.Google Scholar
Adhikari, P. and Samford, S., ‘The Nepali state and the dynamics of the Maoist insurgency’, Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 48, 2013, pp. 457–481.Google Scholar
Ahlborg, H. and Nightingale, A. J., ‘Mismatch between scales of knowledge in Nepalese forestry: epistemology, power, and policy implications’, Ecology and Society, vol. 17, no. 4, 2012, art. 16.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S., Gerlitz, J. Y., and Hoermann, B., Labour Migration as a Response Strategy to Water Hazards in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Baral, L. S., Autocratic Monarchy: Politics in Panchayat Nepal, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2012.Google Scholar
Bartlett, R., Bharati, L., Pant, D., Hosterman, H., and McCornick, P. G., ‘Climate change impacts and adaptation in Nepal’, International Water Management Institute, Working Paper 139, 2010.Google Scholar
Bell, T., Kathmandu, Random House India, Gurgaon, 2014.Google Scholar
Bennett, L. and Parajuli, D., The Nepal Multidimensional Exclusion Index: Making Smaller Social Groups Visible for Tracking Results on Social Inclusion, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2013.Google Scholar
Bhattachan, K., ‘Ethnopolitics and ethnodevelopment: an emerging paradigm in Nepal’, in State, Leadership and Politics in Nepal, Kumar, D. (ed.), Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 1995.Google Scholar
Bhattachan, K., ‘Ethnopolitics and ethnodevelopment: an emerging paradigm in Nepal—with a postscript’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Identities and Mobilization after 1990, Lawoti, M. and Hangen, S. (eds), Routledge, Abingdon, 2013, pp. 35–57.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P., Cameron, J., and Seddon, D., Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periperhy, Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2005 [1980].Google Scholar
Blaikie, P., Cameron, J., and Seddon, D., Centre, Periphery, and Access in West Central Nepal: Approaches to Social and Spatial Relations of Inequality, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 1983.Google Scholar
Bohara, A. K., Mitchell, N. J., and Nepal, M., ‘Opportunity, democracy, and the exchange of political violence: a subnational analysis of conflict in Nepal’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 50, no. 1, 2006, pp. 108–128.Google Scholar
Bohra-Mishra, P., ‘Labour migration and investments by remaining households in rural Nepal’, Journal of Population Research, vol. 30, no. 2, 2013, pp. 171–192.Google Scholar
Bohra, P. and Massey, D. S., ‘Processes of internal and international migration from Chitwan, Nepal’, International Migration Review, vol. 43, no. 3, 2009, pp. 621–651.Google Scholar
Bohra-Mishra, P. and Massey, D. S., ‘Individual decisions to migrate during conflict’, Demography, vol. 48, no. 2, 2011, pp. 401–424.Google Scholar
Borgström, B. E., The Patron and the Panca: Village Values and Pancayat Democracy in Nepal, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, 1976.Google Scholar
Bruslé, T., ‘Choosing a destination and work migration: strategies of Nepalese workers in Uttarakhand, northern India’, Mountain Research and Development, vol. 28, nos 3/4, 2008, pp. 240–247.Google Scholar
Bruslé, T., ‘Nepalese migrations: introduction’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vols 35–36, 2009–2010, pp. 16–23.Google Scholar
Bruslé, T., ‘From home to abroad, and back again: the expanding territories of Nepalese migrants’, in Territorial Changes and Territorial Restructuring in the Himalayas, Smadja, J. (ed), Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 335–352.Google Scholar
Burghart, R., ‘The formation of the concept of nation-state in Nepal’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, 1984, pp. 101–125.Google Scholar
Burghart, R., ‘Gift to the gods: power, property, and ceremonial in Nepal’, in Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Cannadine, D. and Price, S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 237–270.Google Scholar
Bushley, B. and Khatri, D. B., ‘REDD+: Reversing, reinforcing or reconfiguring decentralized forest governance in Nepal?’, ForestAction Nepal, Discussion Paper Series, vol. 11, no. 3, 2011.Google Scholar
Cameron, M., On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1998.Google Scholar
Campbell, B., Living Between Juniper and Palm: Nature, Culture, and Power in the Himalayas, Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2013.Google Scholar
Campbell, B., ‘From remote area to thoroughfare of globalisation: shifting territorialisations of development and border peasantry in Nepal’, in Territorial Changes and Territorial Restructuring in the Himalayas, Smadja, J. (ed.), Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 269–288.Google Scholar
Caplan, L., Land and Social Change in East Nepal: A Study of Hindu–Tribal Relations, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2000 [1970].Google Scholar
Caplan, L., Administration and Politics in a Nepalese Town: The Study of a District Capital and its Environs, Oxford University Press, London, 1975.Google Scholar
Carrin, M., Kanungo, P., and Toffin, G. (eds), The Politics of Ethnicity in India, Nepal and China, Indian Council of Social Science Research/Primus Books, Delhi, 2014.Google Scholar
Chalmers, R., ‘State power and the security sector: ideologies and interests’, in Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, von Einsiedel, S., Malone, D., and Pradhan, S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 58–80.Google Scholar
Childs, G., Craig, S., Beall, C. M., and Basnyat, B., ‘Depopulating the Himalayan highlands: education and outmigration from ethnically Tibetan communities of Nepal’, Mountain Research and Development, vol. 34, no. 2, 2014, pp. 85–94.Google Scholar
Cowan, S., ‘Inside the People's Liberation Army: a military perspective’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 301–332.Google Scholar
Craig, S., ‘Migration, social change, health, and the realm of the possible: women's stories from Nepal to New York’, Anthropology and Humanism, vol. 36, no. 2, 2011, pp. 193–214.Google Scholar
Crawford, M., Sex Trafficking in South Asia: Telling Maya's Story, Routledge, London, 2010.Google Scholar
Darnal, S., A Land of Our Own: Conversations with Dalit Members of Constituent Assembly, Samata Foundation and Jagaran Media Center, Kathmandu, 2009.Google Scholar
Dastider, M., Understanding Nepal: Muslims in a Plural Society, Har Anand Publications, New Delhi, 2007.Google Scholar
Davis, C., Maithil Women's Tales: Storytelling on the Nepal-India Border, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 2014.Google Scholar
Des Chene, M., ‘Is Nepal in South Asia? The condition of non-postcoloniality’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 12, no. 2, 2007, pp. 207–223.Google Scholar
Devkota, P. M. (ed.), Dalits of Nepal: Issues and Challenges, Feminist Dalit Organization, Lalitpur, 2002.Google Scholar
Dixit, A. and Gyawali, D., ‘Nepal's constructive dialogue on dams and development’, Water Alternatives, vol. 3, no. 2, 2010, pp. 106–123.Google Scholar
Eck, K.. ‘Recruiting rebels: indoctrination and political education in Nepal’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 33–51.Google Scholar
von Einsiedel, S., Malone, D. M., and Pradhan, S. (eds), Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2012.Google Scholar
Fisher, J. F., At Home in the World: Globalization and the Peace Corps in Nepal, Orchid Press, Bangkok, 2013.Google Scholar
Fisher, W. F., Fluid Boundaries: Forming and Transforming Identity in Nepal, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, I. C., Cardamom and Class: A Limbu Village and its Extensions in East Nepal, Vajra Publications, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Folmar, S., ‘Problems of identity for hill Dalits and Nepal's nationalist project’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilizations after 1990, Lawoti, M. and Hangen, S. (eds), Routledge, Abingdon, 2013, pp. 85–101.Google Scholar
Forbes, A. A., ‘The importance of being local: villagers, NGOs, and the World Bank in the Arun Valley, Nepal’, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, vol. 6, nos 2–3, 1999, pp. 319–344.Google Scholar
Fricke, T., ‘Tamang conversions: culture, politics, and the Christian conversion narrative in Nepal’, Contributions to Nepalese Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, 2008, pp. 35–62.Google Scholar
Fujikura, T., Discourses of Awareness: Development, Social Movements, and the Practice of Freedom in Nepal, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2013.Google Scholar
Gaenszle, M., Rai, I. P., Pettigrew, J., Rai, M., Bickel, B., Banjade, G., Bhatta, T. N., Lieven, E., Paudyal, N. P., and Stoll, S., ‘Resisting the state in east Nepal: the “Chintang Incident” of 1979 and the politics of commemoration’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 97–113.Google Scholar
Gaige, F. H., Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2009 [1975].Google Scholar
Gautam, S., Banskota, A., and Manchanda, R., ‘Where there are no men: women in the Maoist insurgency in Nepal’, in Women, War and Peace in South Asia, Manchanda, R. (ed.), Sage Press, New Delhi, 2001, pp. 214–248.Google Scholar
Gayer, L., ‘“Love-marriage-sex” in the People's Liberation Army: the libidinal economy of a greedy institution’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 333–366.Google Scholar
Geertz, C., Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1980.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Resistance and the State: Nepalese Experiences, Social Science Press, Delhi, 2003 (2nd ed. Berghahn, Oxford, 2007).Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2009.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Varieties of Activist Experience: Civil Society in South Asia, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2010.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia, Duke University Press, Durham, 2013.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N., ‘The 2013 elections in Nepal’, Asian Affairs, vol. 45, no. 2, 2014, pp. 243–261.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N. and Hachhethu, K. (eds), Local Democracy in South Asia: Microprocesses of Democratization in Nepal and its Neighbors, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2008.Google Scholar
Gellner, D. N., Pfaff-Czarnecka, J., and Whelpton, J. (eds), Nationalism and Ethnicity in Nepal, Vajra Publications, Kathmandu, 2008 [1997].Google Scholar
Ghimire, P., ‘The Maoists in eastern Nepal: the example of Khotang’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 114–140.Google Scholar
Gidwani, V. and Paudel, D. ‘Gramsci at the margins: a prehistory of the Maoist movement in Nepal’, in Gramsci: Space, Nature, Politics, Ekers, M., Hart, G., Kipfer, S., and Loftus, A. (eds), Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts, 2012, pp. 261–278.Google Scholar
Gilmour, D. A. and Fisher, R. J., Villagers, Forests, and Foresters: The Philosophy, Process, and Practice of Community Forestry in Nepal, Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu, 1991.Google Scholar
Graner, E. and Gurung, G., ‘Arabko lahures: Nepalese labour migration to Arabian countries’, Contributions to Nepalese Studies, vol. 28, 2003, pp. 295–325.Google Scholar
Grossman-Thompson, B. H. (ed.), Studies in Nepali History and Society, Special issue: ‘New Research on Gender and Contemporary Experience in Nepal’, vol. 18, no. 2, 2013.Google Scholar
Guneratne, A., Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002.Google Scholar
Guneratne, A. (ed.), Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya, Routledge, Abingdon, 2009.Google Scholar
Guneratne, A. (ed.), Dalits of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship, and Justice, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2010.Google Scholar
Guneratne, A. (ed.), The Tarai: History, Society, Environment, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Gurung, O., ‘Evolution of indigeneity, identity and autonomy in federal Nepal’, in Ethnicity and Federalisation in Nepal, Mishra, C. and Gurung, O. (eds), Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2012, pp. 193–209.Google Scholar
Gurung, O., Tamang, M. S., and Turin, M. (eds), Perspectives on Social Inclusion and Exclusion in Nepal, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2014.Google Scholar
Gyawali, D., Water in Nepal, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2001.Google Scholar
Gyawali, D. and Dixit, A., ‘Water and science: hydrological uncertainties, developmental aspirations and uningrained scientific culture’, Futures, vol. 33, no. 8, 2001, pp. 689–708.Google Scholar
Hachhethu, K. and Gellner, D. N., ‘Nepal: trajectories of democracy and restructuring of the state’, in Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics, Brass, P. (ed.), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 131–146.Google Scholar
Hangen, S., Creating a ‘New Nepal’: The Ethnic Dimension, East-West Center, Washington, DC, Policy Studies, no. 34, 2007.Google Scholar
Hangen, S., The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Nepal: Democracy in the Margins, Routledge, Abingdon, 2010.Google Scholar
Harper, I., Development and Public Health in the Himalaya: Reflections on Healing in Contemporary Nepal, Routledge, London, 2014.Google Scholar
Hausner, S. and Sharma, J., ‘On the way to India: Nepali rituals of border crossing’, in Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia, Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Duke University Press, Durham, 2013, pp. 94–116.Google Scholar
Herzog, E.. Patrons of Women: Literacy Projects and Gender Development in Rural Nepal, Berghahn, New York, 2011.Google Scholar
Hindman, H., Mediating the Global: Expatria's Forms and Consequences in Kathmandu, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2013.Google Scholar
Hocart, A. M., Caste: A Comparative Study, Methuen, London, 1950.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M., ‘In the shadows of the Maoist revolution: On the role of the “People's War” in facilitating the occupation of symbolic space in Western Nepal’, Critique of Anthropology, vol. 35, no. 4, 2015, pp. 389–406.Google Scholar
Hoftun, M., Raeper, W., and Whelpton, J., People, Politics and Ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal, Mandala Book Point, Kathmandu, 1999.Google Scholar
Holmberg, D., Order in Paradox: Myth and Ritual Among Nepal's Tamang, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1989.Google Scholar
Holmberg, D., ‘All politics is local’, in Views from the Field: Anthropological Perspectives on the Constituent Assembly Elections, Holmberg, D., Pettigrew, J., and Tamang, M. S., Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2009, pp. 9–22.Google Scholar
Hutt, M. (ed.), Himalayan People's War: Nepal's Maoist Rebellion, Hurst and Company, London, 2004.Google Scholar
Hutt, M., ‘Nepal and Bhutan in 2005: monarchy and democracy, can they co-exist?’, Asian Survey, vol. 46, no. 1, 2006, pp. 120–124.Google Scholar
Immerzeel, W. W., Van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P., ‘Climate change will affect the Asian water towers’, Science, vol. 328, no. 5984, 2010, pp. 1382–1385.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group, Nepal's Political Rites of Passage, International Crisis Group Asia Report, Kathmandu/Brussels, 2006.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group, Nepal's Constitution (I): Evolution Not Revolution, International Crisis Group Asia Report, Kathmandu/Brussels, 2012.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group, Nepal's Constitution (II): The Expanding Political Matrix, International Crisis Group Asia Report, Kathmandu/Brussels, 2012.Google Scholar
Ishii, H., Gellner, D. N., and Nawa, K. (eds), Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia (Vols 1 and 2), Manohar, Delhi, 2007.Google Scholar
Ismail, F. and Shah, A., ‘Class struggle, the Maoists, and the indigenous question in Nepal and India’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 50, no. 35, 2015, pp. 112–123.Google Scholar
Jha, P., Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal, Aleph Book Company, New Delhi, 2014.Google Scholar
Jianchu, X., Shrestha, A., Vaidya, R., Eriksson, M., and Hewitt, K., The Melting Himalayas: Regional Challenges and Local Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Ecosystems and Livelihoods, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 2007.Google Scholar
Jones, P. S., ‘Powering up the people? The politics of indigenous rights implementation: International Labour Convention 169 and hydroelectric power in Nepal’, International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 16, no. 4, 2012, pp. 624–627.Google Scholar
Joshi, M., ‘Between clientelistic dependency and liberal market economy: rural support for the Maoist insurgency in Nepal’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 92–111.Google Scholar
Joshi, B. L. and Rose, L. E., Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1966; reprinted by Mandala Publications, Kathmandu, 2004.Google Scholar
Karki, A. and Seddon, D. (eds), The People's War in Nepal: Left Perspectives, Adroit, Delhi, 2003.Google Scholar
Khanal, N. R., ‘Territorial changes in Nepal: proposals for a federal state’, in Territorial Changes and Territorial Restructuring in the Himalayas, Smadja, J. (ed.), Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 107–120.Google Scholar
Kisan, Y. B., The Nepal Dalit Social Movement, L. Vasily (trans.), Legal Rights Protection Society, Kathmandu, 2005.Google Scholar
Knight, K., ‘Outliers: Sunil Babu Pant, the Blue Diamond Society, and queer organizing in Nepal’, Studies in Nepal History and Society, vol. 19, no. 1, 2014.Google Scholar
Kohrt, B. and Harper, I., ‘Navigating diagnoses: understanding mind–body relations, mental health, and stigma in Nepal’, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 4, 2008, pp. 462–491.Google Scholar
Kohrt, B. and Hruschka, D., ‘Nepali concepts of psychological trauma: the role of idioms of distress, ethnopsychology, and ethnophysiology in alleviating suffering and preventing stigma’, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, vol. 34, no. 2, 2010, pp. 322–352.Google Scholar
Kumar, D. (ed.), State, Leadership, and Politics in Nepal, Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 1995.Google Scholar
Kunreuther, L., Voicing Subjects: Public Intimacy and Mediation in Kathmandu, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2014.Google Scholar
Lakier, G., ‘The myth of the state is real: notes on the study of the state in Nepal’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 10, no. 1, 2005, pp. 135–170.Google Scholar
Lal, C. K., ‘Ramraja Prasad Singh: the warrior revolutionary’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 75–96.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M., ‘The Maoists and minorities: overlap of interests or a case of exploitation?’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 8, 2003, pp. 67–97.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M., Towards a Democratic Nepal: Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society, Sage Publications, London, 2005.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M., ‘Ethnic dimensions of the Maoist insurgencies: indigenous groups’ participation and insurgency trajectories in Nepal, Peru, and India’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 135–155.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M., ‘Bullets, ballots, and bounty’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 287–303.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M. and Hangen, S. (eds), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilization after 1990, Routledge, London, 2013.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Routledge, New York, 2010.Google Scholar
Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K., ‘Violent conflict and change’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 304–326.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Utopia and ideology among the Magars: Lakhan Thapa versus Mao Dzedong?’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol. 19, no. 3, 2000, pp. 73–100.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival, and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2009.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Ruling social groups, from species to nations: reflections on changing conceptualizations of caste and ethnicity in Nepal’, in Gellner, D. N. (ed.) Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia, Sage, Delhi, 2009, pp. 291–336.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Political change and cultural revolution in a Maoist model village, mid-western Nepal’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 115–131.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Terror in a Maoist village in mid-western Nepal’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Introduction’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Lecomte-Tilouine, M., ‘Maoists despite themselves: amid the People's War in a Maoist model village, northern Gulmi’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 212–257.Google Scholar
Letizia, C., ‘Shaping secularism in Nepal’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol. 39, 2012, pp. 66–104.Google Scholar
Letizia, C., ‘The goddess Kumari at the Supreme Court: divine kinship and secularism in Nepal’, Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, vol. 67, 2013, pp. 32–46.Google Scholar
Letizia, C., ‘Buddhist activism, new sanghas, and the politics of belonging among some Tharu and Magar communities of southern Nepal’, in Facing Globalisation in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self, Toffin, G. and Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. (eds), Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 286–322.Google Scholar
Leve, L., ‘Subjects, selves, and the politics of personhood in Theravada Buddhism in Nepal’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 61, no. 3, 2002, pp. 833–860.Google Scholar
Leve, L., ‘Identity’, Current Anthropology, vol. 52, no. 4, 2011, pp. 513–535.Google Scholar
Leve, L., ‘Women's empowerment and rural revolution: rethinking “failed development”’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Leve, L., ‘Cruel optimism, Christianity, and the post-conflict optic’, Fieldsights - Hot–Spots, Cultural Anthropology Online, 24 March 2014, http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/509-cruel-optimism-christianity-and-the-post-conflict-optic, [accessed 2 July 2016].Google Scholar
Leve, L., ‘Strength, security, resilience and Nepal's great earthquake’, Anthropology News, vol. 56, no. 6, 2015, pp. e1–e7.Google Scholar
Levine, N., ‘Caste, state, and ethnic boundaries in Nepal’, Journal of Asian Studies vol. 46, no. 1, 1987, pp. 71–88.Google Scholar
Levine, S. and Gellner, D. N., Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth Century Nepal. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005.Google Scholar
Liechty, M., Out Here in Kathmandu: Modernity on the Global Periphery, Martin Chautari Press, Kathmandu, 2010.Google Scholar
Lohani-Chase, R., ‘Protesting women in the People's War movement in Nepal’, Signs, vol. 40, no. 1, 2014, pp. 29–36.Google Scholar
Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M. J., Sapkota, R. P., Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Thapa, S. B., Komproe, I. H., and Sharma, B., ‘Conflict and mental health: a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Nepal’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 48, no. 2, 2013, pp. 183–193.Google Scholar
Macours, K., ‘Increasing inequality and civil conflict in Nepal’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 63, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Malagodi, M., Constitutional Nationalism and Legal Exclusion: Equality, Identity Politics, and Democracy in Nepal (1990–2007), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013.Google Scholar
Manandhar, P. and Seddon, D. (eds), In Hope and in Fear: Living Through the People's War in Nepal, Adroit, New Delhi, 2010.Google Scholar
Chautari, Martin, The Debilitating Dynamics of Nepal's Constituent Assembly (2008–2012), Martin Chautari Policy Brief, Kathmandu, 2013.Google Scholar
Mathema, K. B., Madheshi Uprising: The Resurgence of Ethnicity, Mandala Book Point, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Mehta, A. and Lawoti, M., ‘Military dimensions of the “People's War”’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 175–194.Google Scholar
Metz, J. J., ‘Downward spiral? Interrogating narratives of environmental change in the Himalaya’, in Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya, Guneratne, A. (ed.), Routledge, New York, 2009, pp. 17–39.Google Scholar
Michael, B. A., Statemaking and Territory in South Asia: Lessons from the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), Anthem Press, New York, 2012.Google Scholar
Mihaly, E. B., Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal, a Case Study, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2002 [1965].Google Scholar
Mishra, C., Essays on the Sociology of Nepal, FinePrint Books, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2007.Google Scholar
Mishra, C. and Gurung, O. (eds), Ethnicity and Federalisation in Nepal, Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 2012.Google Scholar
Mocko, A., Demoting Vishnu: Ritual, Politics, and the Unraveling of Nepal's Hindu Monarchy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.Google Scholar
Moore, B., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Penguin Press, London, 1967.Google Scholar
Mottin, M., ‘Catchy melodies and clenched fists: performance as politics in Maoist cultural programs’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 52–72.Google Scholar
Murshed, M. and Gates, S., ‘Spatial–horizontal inequality and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal’, Review of Development Economics, vol. 9, no. 1, 2005, pp. 121–134.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. J., ‘The experts taught us all we know: professionalisation and knowledge in Nepalese community forestry’, Antipode, vol. 34, no. 3, 2005, pp. 581–604.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. J., ‘Bounding difference: intersectionality and the material production of gender, caste, class and environment in Nepal’, Geoforum, vol. 42, no. 2, 2011, pp. 153–162.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. J., ‘Challenging the romance with resilience’, in Practising Feminist Political Ecologies, Harcourt, W. and Nelson, I. (eds), Zed Books, London, 2015, pp. 182–208.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. J. and Ojha, H. R., ‘Rethinking power and authority: symbolic violence and subjectivity in Nepal's Terai forests’, Development and Change, vol. 44, 2013, pp. 29–51.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. and Rankin, K. N., ‘Politics of social marginalization and inclusion: the challenge of adapting to climate change’, in Inclusive Urbanization: Rethinking Policy, Practice and Research in the Age of Climate Change, Shrestha, K. K., Ojha, H. R., McManus, P., Rubbo, A., and Dhote, K. K. (eds), Routledge, Abingdon, 2014, pp. 53–63.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. J. and Rankin, K., ‘Political transformations: collaborative feminist scholarship in Nepal’, Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, vol. 34, no. 1, 2014, pp. 105–117.Google Scholar
Ogura, K., ‘Realities and images of Nepal's Maoists after the attack on Beni’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol. 27, 2004, pp. 67–125.Google Scholar
Ogura, K., ‘Maoists, people, and the state as seen from Rolpa and Rukum’, in Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia, Ishii, H., Gellner, D. N., and Nawa, K. (eds), Manohar, Delhi, 2007.Google Scholar
Ogura, K., ‘Maoist People's Governments, 2001–05: the power in wartime’, in Local Democracy in South Asia: Microprocesses of Democratization in Nepal and its Neighbours, Gellner, D. N. and Hachhethu, K. (eds), Sage, Delhi, 2008, pp. 175–231.Google Scholar
Ogura, K., Seeking State Power: The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, 2008.Google Scholar
Ojha, H., Reframing Governance: Understanding Deliberative Politics in Nepal's Terai Forestry, Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2008.Google Scholar
Onta, P., ‘The growth of the Adivasi Janajati Movement in Nepal after 1990: the non-political institutional agents’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 11, no. 2, 2006, pp. 303–354.Google Scholar
Onta, P., ‘Expansion of the public sphere amidst market challenges: Janajati magazines in Nepal in the 1990s’, in The Politics of Ethnicity in India, Nepal and China, Carrin, M., Kanungo, P., and Toffin, G. (eds), Indian Council of Social Science Research/Primus Books, Delhi, 2014, pp. 255–278.Google Scholar
Pahari, A. K., ‘The continuum of “People's War” in Nepal and India’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 195–215.Google Scholar
Panday, D. R., Looking at Development and Donors: Essays from Nepal, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Panday, D. R., ‘The legacy of Nepal's failed development’, in Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, von Einsiedel, S., Malone, D., and Pradhan, S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 81–99.Google Scholar
Pandey, B., ‘Because it is there: foreign money, foreign advice and Arun III’, Himal South Asia, vol. 8, 1995, pp. 29–35.Google Scholar
Parvati, (H. Yami), ‘Women's participation in People's War’, in The People's War in Nepal: Left Perspectives, Karki, A. and Seddon, D. (eds), Adroit, Delhi, 2003, pp. 171–173.Google Scholar
Pasipanodya, T., ‘A deeper justice: economic and social justice as transitional justice in Nepal’, International Journal of Transitional Justice, vol. 2, no. 3, 2008, pp. 378–397.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J., ‘Observations during the State-of-Emergency: Kathmandu, December 2001’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vols 20 and 21, no. 6, 2001, pp. 125–131.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J., ‘Observing the elections in central Nepal’, in Views from the Field: Anthropological Perspectives on the Constituent Assembly Elections, Holmberg, D., Pettigrew, J., and Tamang, M. S., Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2009, pp. 23–34.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J., Maoists at the Hearth: Everyday Life in Nepal's Civil War, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2013.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J. and Adhikari, K., ‘Fear and everyday life in rural Nepal’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J. and Shneiderman, S., ‘Women and the Maobadi: ideology and agency in Nepal's Maoist movement’, Himal Southasian, 2004, pp. 19–29.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J., Shneiderman, S. and Harper, I., ‘Relationships, complicity and representation: conducting research in Nepal during the Maoist insurgency’, Anthropology Today, vol. 20, no. 1, 2004, pp. 20–25.Google Scholar
Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. and Toffin, G. (eds), The Politics of Belonging in the Himalayas: Local Attachments and Boundary Dynamics, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2011.Google Scholar
Pigg, S. L., ‘Inventing social categories through place: social representations and development in Nepal’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 34, no. 3, 1992, pp. 491–513.Google Scholar
Pigg, S. L., ‘Unintended consequences: the ideological impact of development in Nepal’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 13, nos 1-2, 1993, pp. 45–58.Google Scholar
Pokharel, B. and Rana, S., Nepal Votes for Peace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.Google Scholar
Pyakurel, U. P., ‘A debate on Dalits and affirmative action in Nepal’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 40, 2011, pp. 71–78.Google Scholar
Rademacher, A., Reigning the River: Urban Ecologies and Political Transformation in Kathmandu, Duke University Press, Durham, 2011.Google Scholar
Rai, K., ‘The dynamics of social inequality in the Kali Gandaki “A” Dam Project in Nepal: the politics of patronage’, Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment, vol. 1, 2008, pp. 22–28.Google Scholar
Raj, Y., History as Mindscapes: A Memory of the Peasants' Movement of Nepal, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2010.Google Scholar
Raj, Y. (ed.), Ruptures and Repairs in South Asia: Historical Perspectives, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2013.Google Scholar
Ramirez, P., De la Disparition des Chefs: une Anthropologie Politique Népalaise, CNRS Éditions, Paris, 2000.Google Scholar
Ramnarain, S., ‘Universalized categories, dissonant realities: gendering postconflict reconstruction in Nepal’, Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 22, no. 9, 2015, pp. 1305–1322.Google Scholar
Rasul, G., ‘Food, water, and energy security in South Asia: a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region’, Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 39, no. 1, 2014, pp. 35–48.Google Scholar
Rawski, F. and Sharma, M., ‘A comprehensive peace? Lessons from human rights monitoring in Nepal’, in Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, von Einsiedel, S., Malone, D., and Pradhan, S. (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 175–200.Google Scholar
Regmi, M. C., Landownership in Nepal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976.Google Scholar
Rest, M., ‘Generating power: debates on development around the Nepalese Arun-3 hydropower project’, Contemporary South Asia, vol. 20, no. 1, 2012, pp. 105–111.Google Scholar
Riaz, A. and Basu, S., Paradise Lost?: State Failure in Nepal, Lexington Books, Lanham, 2007.Google Scholar
Richardson, D., Poudel, M., and Laurie, N., ‘Sexual trafficking in Nepal: constructing citizenship and livelihoods’, Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 16, no. 3, 2009, pp. 259–278.Google Scholar
Ripert, B., ‘Redefining belonging and bonds to territory: multiple forms of mobility and itineraries among the Tamangs of central Nepal’, in Territorial Changes and Territorial Restructuring in the Himalayas, Smadja, J. (ed.), Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 289–300.Google Scholar
Ripert, B., ‘Improbable globalization: individualization and Christianization among the Tamangs’, in Facing Globalization in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self, Toffin, G. and Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. (eds), Sage, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 45–62.Google Scholar
Robins, S., ‘Towards victim-centred transitional justice: understanding the needs of families of the disappeared in postconflict Nepal’, International Journal of Transitional Justice, vol. 5, no. 1, 2011, pp. 75–98.Google Scholar
Robins, S., ‘Transitional justice as an elite discourse’, Critical Asian Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, 2012, pp. 3–30.Google Scholar
Robins, S., Families of the Missing: A Test for Contemporary Approaches to Transitional Justice, Routledge, Abingdon, 2013.Google Scholar
Rothchild, J.. Gender Troublemakers: Education and Empowerment in Nepal, Routledge, London, 2006.Google Scholar
Rupakheti, S., ‘Reconsidering state–society relations in South Asia: a Himalayan case study’, Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2016, pp. 73–86.Google Scholar
Sajjad, T., Transitional Justice in South Asia: A Study of Afghanistan and Nepal, Routledge, London, 2013.Google Scholar
de Sales, A., ‘The Kham-Magar country, Nepal: between ethnic claims and Maoism’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol. 19, 2000, pp. 41–72.Google Scholar
de Sales, A., ‘Remarks on revolutionary songs and iconography’, European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, vol. 24, 2003, pp. 5–24.Google Scholar
de Sales, A., ‘Biography of a Magar communist’, in Varieties of Activist Experience: Civil Society in South Asia, Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Sage, New Delhi, 2010, pp. 17–45.Google Scholar
de Sales, A., ‘From ancestral conflicts to local empowerment: two narratives from a Nepalese community’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012, pp. 185–206.Google Scholar
de Sales, A., ‘Thabang: the crucible of revolution’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 164–211.Google Scholar
Sapkota, C., ‘Remittances in Nepal: boon or bane?’, The Journal of Development Studies, vol. 49, no. 10, 2013, pp. 1316–1331.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., ‘The crisis of the tax state’, International Economic Papers, vol. 4, 1918, pp. 5–38.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C., The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2009.Google Scholar
Seddon, D., Blaikie, P., and Cameron, J., Peasants and Workers in Nepal, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 1979.Google Scholar
Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Shah, A. and Shneiderman, S., ‘The practices, policies and politics of transforming inequality in South Asia: ethnographies of affirmative action’, Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, vol. 65, 2013, pp. 3–12.Google Scholar
Shah, S., ‘Revolution and reaction in the Himalayas: cultural resistance and the Maoist “New Regime” in western Nepal’, American Ethnologist, vol. 35, no. 3, 2008, pp. 481–499.Google Scholar
Shakya, M., ‘Nepali economic history through the ethnic lens: changing state relationships with entrepreneurial elites’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilization after 1990, Lawoti, M. and Hangen, S. (eds) Routledge, London, 2013, pp. 58–82.Google Scholar
Shakya, M., ‘Ethnicity in Nepal's new constitution: From politics of culture to politics of justice’, www.focaalblog.com/2015/09/28/mallika-shakya-ethnicity-in-nepals-new-constitution/, 28 September 2015, [accessed 2 July 2016].Google Scholar
Shakya, S., ‘The Maoist movement in Nepal: an analysis from the women's perspective’, in The People's War in Nepal: Left Perspectives, Karki, A. and Seddon, D. (eds), Adroit, Delhi, 2003.Google Scholar
Sharma, J., ‘Migration, marginality and modernity: hill men's journey to Mumbai’, in Facing Globalisation in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self, Toffin, G. and Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. (eds), Sage Publications, Delhi, 2014, pp. 119–133.Google Scholar
Sharma, M. and Prasain, D., ‘Gender dimensions of the People's War: some reflections on the experiences of rural women’, Himalayan People's War: Nepal's Maoist Rebellion, Hutt, M. (ed.), Hurst and Company, London, 2004, pp. 152–164.Google Scholar
Sharma, P., Unravelling the Mosaic: Spatial Aspects of Ethnicity in Nepal, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2008.Google Scholar
Sharrock, J., ‘Review of: von Einsiedel, Sebastian, David M. Malone and Suman Pradhan, eds. 2012. Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace ’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 17, no. 2, 2013, pp. 379–388.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S., ‘Are the Central Himalayas in Zomia? Some scholarly and political considerations across time and space’, Journal of Global History, vol. 5, no. 2, 2010, pp. 289–312.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S., ‘The formation of political consciousness in rural Nepal’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S., ‘Developing a culture of marginality: Nepal's current classificatory moment’, Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, vol. 65, 2013, pp. 42–55.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S., Rituals of Ethnicity: Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2015.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S. and Snellinger, A., ‘Framing the issues: the politics of “post-conflict”’, Fieldsights—Hot Spots, Cultural Anthropology Online, 24 March 2014, http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/500-framing-the-issues-the-politics-of-post-conflict, [accessed 2 July 2016].Google Scholar
Shneiderman, S. and Tillin, L., ‘Restructuring states, restructuring ethnicity: looking across disciplinary boundaries at federal futures in India and Nepal’, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 49, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1–39.Google Scholar
Shrestha-Schipper, S., ‘The political context and influence of the People's War in Jumla’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 258–300.Google Scholar
Sijapati, M. A., Islamic Revival in Nepal: Religion and a New Nation, Routledge, London, 2011.Google Scholar
Sijapati, B., ‘In pursuit of recognition: regionalism, Madhesi identity and the Madhes Andolan’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Identities and Mobilization after 1990, Lawoti, M. and Hangen, S. (eds), Routledge, Abingdon, 2013, pp. 145–172.Google Scholar
Sijapati, B. and Limbu, A., Governing Labour Migration in Nepal: An Analysis of Existing Policies and Institutional Mechanisms, Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility (CESLAM), Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2012.Google Scholar
Singh, S. P., Bassignana-Khadka, I., Karky, B. S., and Sharma, E., Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: The State of Current Knowledge, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 2011.Google Scholar
Skinner, D., Pach III, A. I., and Holland, D. (eds), Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience and History in Nepal, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, 1998.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T., States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979.Google Scholar
Smadja, J. (ed.), Territorial Changes and Territorial Restructuring in the Himalayas, Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2014.Google Scholar
Snellinger, A., ‘The production of possibility through an impossible ideal: consensus as a political value in Nepal's Constituent Assembly’, Constellations, vol. 22, 2015, pp. 233–245.Google Scholar
Stirr, A., ‘Tears for the revolution’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 367–392.Google Scholar
Stiller, L. F., The Rise of the House of Gorkha: A Study in the Unification of Nepal, 1768–1816, Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi, 1973.Google Scholar
Sugden, F., ‘Neo-liberalism, markets and class structures on the Nepali lowlands: the political economy of agrarian change’, Geoforum, vol. 40, no. 4, 2009, pp. 634–644.Google Scholar
Sugden, F., ‘Pre-capitalist reproduction on the Nepal Tarai: semi-feudal agriculture in an era of globalisation’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 43, no. 3, 2013, pp. 519–545.Google Scholar
Tacoli, C., ‘Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility’, Environment and Urbanization, vol. 21, no. 2, 2009, pp. 513–525.Google Scholar
Tamang, M. S., ‘Culture, caste and ethnicity in the Maoist movement’, Studies in Nepali History and Society, vol. 11, no. 2, 2006.Google Scholar
Tamang, M. S., ‘A fiesta at the polls: participant-observation notes’, in Views from the Field: Anthropological Perspectives on the Constituent Assembly Elections, Holmberg, D., Pettigrew, J., and Tamang, M. S., Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2009, pp. 35–47.Google Scholar
Tamang, M. S., ‘Tamang activism, history, and territorial consciousness’, in Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia, Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 269–289.Google Scholar
Tamang, S., ‘The politics of conflict and difference or the difference of conflict in politics: the women's movement in Nepal’, Feminist Review, vol. 91, 2009, pp. 61–80.Google Scholar
Thapa, D. (ed.), Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2003.Google Scholar
Thapa, D., ‘Promissory note: Nepal's left movement and the Janajatis’, in The Politics of Ethnicity in India, Nepal and China, Carrin, M., Kanungo, P., and Toffin, G. (eds), Indian Council of Social Science Research/Primus Books, Delhi, 2014, pp. 169–186.Google Scholar
Thapa, D., Ogura, K., and Pettigrew, J., ‘The social fabric of the Jelbang killings’, in Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism in India and Nepal, Shah, A. and Pettigrew, J. (eds), Social Science Press, New Delhi, 2012.Google Scholar
Thapa, D. with Sijapati, B., A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal's Maoist Insurgency 1996–2004, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 2003.Google Scholar
Thieme, S., Social Networks and Migration: Far West Nepalese Migrants in Delhi, LIT Verlag Münster, Münster, 2006.Google Scholar
Thompson, M., Warburton, M. and Hatley, T., Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale: An Institutional Theory of Environmental Perception and a Strategic Framework for the Sustainable Development of the Himalaya, Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2012 (first published Ethnographica, London, 1986).Google Scholar
Tilly, C., Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990, Blackwell, B., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990.Google Scholar
Tiwari, B. N., ‘An assessment of the causes of conflict in Nepal’, in The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century, Lawoti, M. and Pahari, A. K. (eds), Routledge, New York, 2010, pp. 241–262.Google Scholar
Toffin, G. and Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. (eds), Facing Globalization in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2014.Google Scholar
Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Thapa, S. B., Pettigrew, J., Upadhaya, N., and de Jong, J. T. V. M., ‘Political violence and mental health: a multi-disciplinary review of the literature on Nepal’, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 70, no. 1, 2010, pp. 35–44.Google Scholar
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), ‘Conflict-related disappearances in Bardiya district’, 2008, http://nepal.ohchr.org/en/resources/Documents/English/reports/HCR/2008_12_19_Bardiya_Report_Final_E.pdf, [accessed 25 July 2016].Google Scholar
Vasily, L. A., ‘Struggles against domination: forms of Nepali Dalit activism’, in Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia, Gellner, D. N. (ed.), Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 215–239.Google Scholar
Vollan, K., ‘Group representation and the system of representation in the Constituent Assembly and future parliaments of Nepal’, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 18, 2011, pp. 343–368.Google Scholar
Warner, C., Hindman, H., and Snellinger, A. (eds), ‘Aftershocked: Reflections on the 2015 Earthquakes in Nepal’, Fieldsights—Hot Spots , Cultural Anthropology Online, 14 October 2015, http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/741-aftershocked-reflections-on-the-2015-earthquakes-in-nepal, [accessed 2 July 2016].Google Scholar
Whelpton, J., A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.Google Scholar
Whelpton, J., ‘Political violence in Nepal from unification to janandolan I’, in Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War, Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 27–74.Google Scholar
Wilson, R., The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Large-scale migration and remittance in Nepal: issues, challenges, and opportunities’, Report No. 44390-NP, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region, 2011.Google Scholar
World Bank/DFID, Unequal Citizens: Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal—Summary, World Bank and DFID, Kathmandu, 2006.Google Scholar
Zharkevich, I., ‘De-mythologizing “the Village of Resistance”: how rebellious were the peasants in the Maoist base area of Nepal?’, Dialectical Anthropology, vol. 39, no. 4, 2015, pp. 353–379.Google Scholar