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Afforestation, Propaganda, and Agency: The case of Hangzhou in Mao's China
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 June 2021
Abstract
This article examines the afforestation movement in the West Lake area in Mao's China (1949–1976). I argue that this campaign was, by its nature, propagandistic, for it created a narrative of a deforested China before 1949 and a greener land after 1949 to serve the purpose of justifying China's new political system and popularizing socialist ideologies. Hence, such projects helped to define what socialism was in China and thereby solicited the participation of the general population. This afforestation project, engineered to legitimize the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) rule in China both domestically and internationally, was, however, marred by both human and non-human actors. Local inhabitants who were intent upon protecting their own private properties vis-à-vis the collectivizing state, poachers who illegally felled trees for firewood and timber, and tea growers who were keen on expanding their tea plantations at the cost of mountain forests sabotaged the CCP's afforestation efforts. Meanwhile, various pests contributed to the massive death of newly planted trees and prompted local cadres and citizens to adjust afforestation policies throughout Mao's times. I argue that human and non-human actors possessed non-purposive agency—that is, agency not driven by their intentions and purposes but defined by their actions—to affect, deflect, and undercut the CCP's political agendas.
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101 Ibid., p. 23.
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104 Timothy Johnston notes that citizens in the communist regimes neither supported nor resisted the political system imposed upon them. They ‘simply got by’. See Johnston, Timothy, Being Soviet: Identity, Rumour, and Everyday Life under Stalin, 1939–1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. xxivCrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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108 The Zhejiang Provincial Archives, J117-019-133, pp. 1–2. Another source indicates that Matsucoccus matsumurae damaged 667 hectares of pine forests in the West Lake mountainous area. See ‘Maweisong de xin haichong—songganjie’ 马尾松的新害虫—松干蚧 (The horsetail pine's new destructive insect—Matsucoccus matsumurae), Keji jianbao 科技简报, no. 15, April 1973, p. 32.
109 Shi, Xihu zhi, p. 815.
110 ‘Maweisong de xin haichong—songganjie’, p. 32.
111 ‘Yijiuqisan nian songganjie fangzhi yanjiu xiezuo huiyi jiyao’ 一九七三年松干蚧防治研究协作会议纪要 (Minute of the 1973 collaborative meeting on the prevention and curing Matsucoccus), Linye keji ziliao 林业科技资料, no. 1, 1974, p.13.
112 ‘Riben songganjie de xin tiandi’; Shanghai kunchong yanjiusuo, ‘Zhongguo de songganjie’.
113 The Zhejiang Provincial Archives, J117-019-133, p. 2.
114 Schmalzer, ‘On the Appropriate Use of Rose-Colored Glasses’, p. 358.
115 Gao, Renmin gongshe shiqi Zhongguo nongmin ‘fan xingwei’ diaocha, p. 3.
116 Jones, Owain and Cloke, Paul, ‘Non-Human Agencies: Trees in Place and Time’, in Material Agency: Towards a Non-Anthropocentric Approach, (eds) Knappett, Carl and Malafouris, Lambros (Berlin: Springer, 2008), p. 3Google Scholar.
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118 Gao, Renmin gongshe shiqi zhong Zhongguo nongmin ‘fan xingwei’ diaocha, p. 3.
119 Latour, Bruno, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, (trans.) Porter, Catherine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 81Google Scholar.
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