Metallurgical failure analysis is generally straight forward in many cases. However, there are times when it is difficult to really discern the fracture characteristics due to surface degradation, improper handling, or subsequent mechanical damage from improper planning.

Dr. Alan Tettleman, a founder of Failure Analysis and Associates, in San Jose, CA, once told me you can not properly conduct any product failure analysis without metallography, and especially without scanning electron microscopy. In many ways, I agree with him. There are obvious times, however, when various physical properties and deformations are apparent. Those are generally when a consultant is not required. As in your field, there are many references that assist the usage and implementation of the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray analysis system. Many of the references introduce the procedure and some of the cautionary steps that should be taken in preparation of samples and in the interpretation of the fracture.