Crystallization is fundamental to much drug manufacture. Consequently a great deal of attention is focused on trying to attain a reproducible, robust process with predictable outcomes.

Crystallization may be interrogated by various means including laser light scattering, infra-red spectroscopy, calorimetery, x-ray diffraction, solid state NMR analysis and optical and electron microscopy. Although laser backscattering is applicable to real time, in-situ studies it detects chord length and hence it is most accurate when all particles are spherical. This is clearly is not so with drug crystals. Crystal analysis by microscopy is usually conducted on samples removed from the reactor. While this approach has value it may lead to post-sampling changes and is not capable of fully characterising the real time dynamics of particle morphology. In-situ epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a bioreactor has been reported. However, this required insertion of a quartz window into the reactor wall which limited the observation position to one fixed location, which would be less appropriate for batch crystallization reactors.