Hostname: page-component-546b4f848f-bvkm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-06-02T10:13:38.570Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false
  • English

Functional Imaging of Neurotransmitters in Hymenolepis diminuta Treated with Senna Plant Through Light and Confocal Microscopy

Part of: Micrographia Collection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2018

Bidisha Ukil ,
Suman Kundu  and
Larisha Mawkhlieng Lyndem
Bidisha Ukil
Affiliation:
Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
Suman Kundu
Affiliation:
Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
Larisha Mawkhlieng Lyndem*
Affiliation:
Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
*
Author for correspondence: Larisha Mawkhlieng Lyndem, E-mail: lyndemlarisha@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

Previous studies have shown the anthelmintic efficacy of Senna alata, Senna alexandrina and Senna occidentalis on the zoonotic parasite Hymenolepis diminuta through microscopic studies on morphological structure. The present study is based on the light and confocal microscopic studies to understand if Senna extracts affect neurotransmitter activity of the parasites. A standard concentration (40 mg/mL) of the three leaf extracts and one set of 0.005 mg/mL concentration of the reference drug praziquantel were tested against the parasites, keeping another set of parasites in phosphate buffer saline as a control. Histochemical studies were carried out using acetylthiocholine iodide as the substrate and acetylcholinesterase as the marker enzyme for studying the expression of the neurotransmitter of the parasite and the staining intensity was observed under a light microscope. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using anti serotonin primary antibody and fluorescence tagged secondary antibody and observed using confocal microscopy. Intensity of the stain decreases in treated parasites compared with the control which implies loss of activity of the neurotransmitters. These observations indicated that Senna have a strong anthelmintic effect on the parasite model and thus pose as a potential anthelmintic therapy.

Keywords

anthelminticparasiteacetylcholinesteraseserotoninSenna
Type
Micrographia
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 24 , Issue 6 , December 2018 , pp. 734 - 743
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Cite this article: Ukil B, Kundu S and Lyndem LM (2018) Functional Imaging of Neurotransmitters in Hymenolepis diminuta Treated with Senna Plant Through Light and Confocal Microscopy. Microsc Microanal. 24(6), 734–743. doi: 10.1017/S143192761801526X

References

Aubry, ML, Cowell, P, Davey, MG Shevde, S (1980) Aspects of the pharmacology of a new anthelmintic: Pyrantel. Br J Pharmacol 38, 332–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, LR, Bueding, E Timms, AR (1966) The possible role of acetylcholine in Schistosoma mansoni . Br J Pharmacol 26, 656–665.Google ScholarPubMed
Bennett, J Bueding, E (1971) Localization of biogenic amines in Schistosoma mansoni . Comp Biochem Physiol 39, 859–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bueding, E (1952) Acetylcholinesterase activity of Schistosoma mansoni . Br J Pharmacol 7, 563– 566.Google ScholarPubMed
Bueding, E, Schiller, EL Bourgeouis, JG (1966) Some physiological, biochemical and morphologic effects of tris(p-aminophenyl) carbonium salts (TAC) on S. mansoni . Am J Trop Med Hyg 16, 500–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chance, MRA Mansour, TE (1953) A contribution to the pharmacology of movement in the liver fluke. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 8, 134–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coles, GC, East, GM Jenkins, SN (1975) The mechanism of action of the anthelmintic levamisole. Gen Pharmacol 6, 309–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ĉolović, MB, Krstić, DZ, Lazarević-Pašti, TD, Bondžić, AM Vasić, VM (2013) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol 11, 315–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, FEG (1994) Immunology. In Modern Parasitology, Cox FEG (Ed.), pp. 193–218. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Crisford, A, Murray, C, O’Connor, V, Edwards, RJ, Kruger, N, Welz, C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, Harder, A, Walker, RJ Holden-Dye, L (2011) Selective toxicity of the anthelmintic emodepside revealed by heterologous expression of human KCNMA1 in Caenorhabditis elegans . Mol Pharmacol 79(6), 1031–1043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, TA Maule, AG (1999) Parasitic peptides! The structure and function of neuropeptides in parasitic worms. Peptides 20, 999–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellman, GL, Courtney, KD, Andres, V Jr. Featherstone, RM (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7(2), 88–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, JM (2004) Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Geary, TG, Klein, RD, Vanover, L, Bowman, JW Thompson, DP (1992) The nervous systems of helminths as targets for drugs. J Parasitol 78(2), 215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomori, G (1952) Histochemical demonstration of sites of choline esterase activity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 68, 354–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafsson, MKS (1991) Skin the tapeworms before you stain their nervous system!. Parasitol Res 77(6), 509–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halton, DW (2004) Microscopy and the helminth parasite. Micron 35, 361–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harsha, MN, Dulloo, P, Rupachandra, S, Jagadeeshwari, S, Davina, JM Porkodi, S (2018) Isolation and identification of antimicrobial proteins from the leaves of Valeriana hardwickii and Senna obtusifolia . Asian J Pharm Clin Res 11, 438–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovis, DV Heuer, AH (2010) The use of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in materials science. J Microsc 240(3), 173–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrčkova, G, Velenbný, S, Halton, DW Maule, AG (2002) Mesocestoides corti (syn. M. vogae): Modulation of larval motility by neuropeptides, serotonin and acetylcholine. Parasitology 124, 409–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Y, Xiao, SH Aroian, RV (2009) The new anthelmintic tribendimidine is an L type (levamisole and pyrantel) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3, e499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, CF, Shaw, C, Halton, DW Fairweather, I (1990) Confocal scanning laser microscopy and helminth neuroanatomy. Parasitol Today 6(9), 305–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaminsky, R, Ducray, P, Jung, M, Clover, R, Rufener, L, Bouvier, J, Schorderet Weber, S, Wenger, A, Wieland-Berghausen, S, Goebel, T, Gauvry, N, Pautrat, F, Skripsky, T, Froelich, O, Komoin-Oka, C, Westlund, B, Sluder, A Maser, P (2008) A new class of anthelmintics effective against drug-resistant nematodes. Nature 452, 176–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karnovsky, MJ Roots, L (1964) A “direct-coloring” thiocholine method for cholinesterases. J Histochem Cytochem 12, 219–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karthika, C, Mohammad, RK Manivannan, S (2016) Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antimicrobial potential of Senna alata Linn. leaves extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 9, 253–257.Google Scholar
Kemmerling, U, Cabrera, G, Campos, EO, Inestrosa, NC Galanti, N (2006) Localization, specific activity, and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in developmental stages of the cestode Mesocestoides corti . J Cell Physiol 206(2), 503–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khare, P, Kishore, K Sharma, DK (2017) A study on the standardization parameters of Cassia angustifolia . Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10, 329–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopp, SR, Kotze, AC, McCarthy, JS, Traub, RJ Coleman, GT (2008) Pyrantel in small animal medicine: 30 years on. Vet J 178, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kundu, S, Roy, S Lyndem, LM (2012) Cassia alata L.: Potential role as anthelmintic agent against Hymenolepis diminuta . Parasitol Res 111(3), 1187–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kundu, S, Roy, S, Nandi, S, Ukil, B Lyndem, LM (2015) In vitro anthelmintic effects of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Leguminosae) on rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 7(6), 268–271.Google Scholar
Kundu, S, Roy, S, Nandi, S, Ukil, B Lyndem, LM (2016) Senna alexandrina Mill. induced ultrastructural changes in Hymenolepis diminuta . J Parasit Dis 41(1), 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MB, Bueding, E Schiller, EL (1978) The occurrence and distribution of 5 hydroxytryptamine in Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana . J Parasitol 64, 257–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitch, B Probert, AJ (1984) Schistosoma haematobium: Amoscanate and adult worm ultrastructure. Exp Parasitol 58, 278–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Z, Williamson, MS, Landsell, SJ, Denhom, I, Han, Z Miller, NS (2005) A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutation conferring target-site resistance to imidacloprid in Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper). Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 102, 8420–8425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, RJ (1985) Gamma-aminobutyric acid and piperazine activated single channel currents from Ascaris suum body muscle. Br J Pharmacol 84, 445–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maule, AG, Halton, DW, Jhonston, CF, Shaw, C Fairweather, I (1990) The serotoninergic, cholinergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system in the monogenean parasite, Diclidophora merlangi: A cytochemical study. Parasitology 100, 255–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maule, AG, Mousley, A, Marks, NJ, Day, TA, Thompson, DP, Geary, TG Halton, DW (2002) Neuropeptide signaling systems – Potential drug targets for parasite and pest control. Curr Top Med Chem 2, 733–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molina, V, Ciesielski, L, Gobaille, S, Isel, F Mandel, P (1987) Inhibition of mouse killing behavior by serotonin-mimetic drugs: Effects of partial alterations of serotonin neurotransmission. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27, 123–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odeja, O, Obi, G, Ogwuch, CE, Elemike, EE Oderinlo, Y (2015) Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) leaves extract. Clin Phytosci 1, 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ott, P, Jerry, B Broadback, V (1975) Multiple molecular forms of purified human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Environ J Biochem 57, 469–480.Google ScholarPubMed
Pal, P Tandon, V (1998) Anthelmintic efficacy of Flemingia vestita (Leguminoceae): Genistein induced alterations in the activity of tegumental enzymes in the cestode, Raillietina echinobothrida . Parasitol Int 47, 233–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pax, RA, Siefker, C Bennet, JL (1984) Schistosoma mansoni: Differences in acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin control of circular and longitudinal parasite muscle. Exp Parasitol 58, 314–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearse, AGE (1968) Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied. New York: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Ramisz, A (1967) Studies on the nervous system of nematodes and cestodes by means of a histochemical method for active acetylcholinesterase. Acta Parasitol Pol 14, 365–380.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, P, El-Shehabiandn, F Patocka, N (2005) Classical transmitters and their receptors in flatworms. Parasitology 131, S19–S40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, AP, Clark, CL, Burns, TA, Thompson, DP, Geary, TG, Trailovic, SM Martin, RJ (2002) Paraherquamide and 2-deoxy-paraherquamide distinguish cholinergic receptor subtypes in Ascaris muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302, 853–860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozario, T Newmark, PA (2015) A confocal microscopy-based atlas of tissue architecture in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta . Exp Parasitol 158, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sager, H, Hosking, B, Bapst, B, Stein, P, Vanhoff, K Kaminsky, R (2009) Efficacy of the amino-acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, against experimental and natural adult stage gastro-intestinal nematode infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 159, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samii, SI Webb, RA (1990) Acetylcholine-like immunoreactivity in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta . Brain Res 513, 161–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sattelle, DB (2009) Invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors – Targets for chemicals and drugs important in agriculture, veterinary medicine and human health. J Pestic Sci 34, 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sermakkani, M Thangapandian, V (2012) GC-MS analysis of Cassia italica leaf methanol extract. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5, 90–94.Google Scholar
Srivastava, VK, Maheshwari, ML Mandal, S (1983) A rapid high performance liquid chromatography method for analysis of sennoside in Senna . Ind J Pharm Sci 45, 230–233.Google Scholar
Sukhdeo, MVK, Hsu, SC, Thompson, CS Mettrick, DF (1984) Hymenolepis diminuta: Behavioral effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, histamine and somatostatin. J Parasit 70, 682–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukhdeo, MVK, Sangster, NC Mettrick, DF (1986) Effects of cholinergic drugs on longitudinal muscle contractions of Fasciola hepatica . J Parasitol 72, 492–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundaraneedi, M, Eichenberger, RM, Al-Hallaf, R, Yang, D, Sotillo, J, Rajan, S, Wangchuk, P, Giacomin, PR, Keene, FR, Loukas, A, Collins, JG Pearson, MS (2018) Polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes exert in vitro and in vivo nematocidal activity and show significant inhibition of parasite acetylcholinesterases. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 8, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, CS, Sangster, NC Mettrick, DF (1986) Cholinergic inhibition of muscle contraction in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Can J Zool 64, 2111–2115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tin, W, Hla, P Khin, KS (1994) Anticholinesterase activities of some anthelmintic agents and some medicinal plants. Myanmar Health Sci Res J 6, 70–74.Google Scholar
Viswanathan, S Nallamuthu, T (2012) Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna alexandrina Mill. against human pathogens. Int J Curr Sci 2, 51–56.Google Scholar
Voge, M Bueding, E (1980) Schistosoma mansoni: Tegumental structure alterations induced by subcurative doses of the schistosomicide amoscanate. Exp Parasitol 50, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, VCLC Schiller, EL (1969) The neuroanatomy of Hymenolepis diminuta and Himenolepis nana . J Parasitol 55, 261–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, VK (2013) Serotonin: The central link between bone mass and energy metabolism. In Translational Endocrinology of Bone, Karnesty G (Ed.), pp. 51–62. New York: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar