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TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN MID-APPALACHIAN SPRINGS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

James L. Gooch  and
Douglas S. Glazier
James L. Gooch
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntington, Pennsylvania, USA 16652
Douglas S. Glazier
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntington, Pennsylvania, USA 16652
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Abstract

The major topographic features and river courses of the mid-Appalachian Mountains are geologically ancient. Small rheocrenes are numerous in carbonate valleys with macroinvertebrate assemblages typically dominated by peracaridans and sometimes gastropods, with subordinate abundances of bivalves, triclads, and insects. Springs were approximately rank ordered by temporal persistence, using size, catchment area, proximity to base level, and bedrock permeability factors as criteria. A 38-m2 rheocrene, Ell Spring, was sampled seasonally over a 2-year period for distribution and abundances of taxa. Physicochemical factors and rank order of ordinal abundances were stable the 1st year, but less so the 2nd year after a watercress cover was removed. Ell Spring is divided into nine distinct habitat patches. Some species distributions are strongly associated with patches and others are broader. Regionally, heterozygosity and allele frequency patterns of Gammarus minus (Amphipoda) are conditioned by latitude, indicative of the effects of Pleistocene glaciation, and by distance to regional master streams. These factors do not detectably influence the ordinal composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages. However overall invertebrate abundances and the ratio of non-insect orders (which are presumably less rapid colonists) to insect orders are greater in long-persisting than in frequently disturbed springs. The species assemblages of disturbed springs may be influenced by recent history as well as by water chemistry, substratum, and other equilibrium factors.

Résumé

Les caractéristiques topographiques principales et le cours des rivières des monts mi-Appalaches sont géologiquement anciens. De petites rhéocrènes sont nombreuses dans les vallées carbonates avec des assemblages de macroinvertébrés dominés typiquement par des péracaridiés et parfois de gastropodes, avec des abondances subordonnées de bivalves, de triclades et d'insectes. Les sources ont été classées de façon approximative en ordre de rang en fonction de leur persistance dans le temps, en utilisant comme critères la grandeur, la superficie de drainage, la proximité au niveau de base et la perméabilité de la roche mère. La source Ell, une rhéocrène de 38 m2, a été échantillonné de façon saisonnière pendant une période de 2 ans pour étudier la distribution et l'abondance des taxons. Les facteurs physicochimiques et la classification ordinale en rang des abondances ont été stables pendant la 1ère année, mais plus variables la 2ème année après l'enlèvement d'une couche de cresson de fontaine. La source Ell est divisée en neuf habitats distincts. Quelques distributions d'espèces sont fortement associées avec les habitats, tandis que d'autres sont plus généralistes. Par région, la hétérozygocité et les patrons de fréquence allélique de Gammarus minus (Amphipoda) sont conditionnées par la latitude, ce qui est indicatif des effets de la glaciation du Pléistocène, et par la distance aux cours d'eau principaux de la région. Ces facteurs n'influencent pas de façon perceptible la composition ordinale des assemblages des macroinvertébrés. Cependant, les abondances de tous les invertébrés et le rapport des ordres autres que d'insectes (qui sont présumément des colonisateurs moins rapides) aux ordres d'insectes sont plus élevés dans les sources de persistance de longue durée que dans celles qui ont été fréquemment dérangées. Les assemblages d'espèces de sources dérangées pourraient être influencés par l'histoire récente aussi bien que par la chimie de l'eau, du substrat et d'autres facteurs d'équilibre.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 123 , Supplement S155 , 1991 , pp. 29 - 49
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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