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Habermasian utopia or Sunstein's echo chamber? The ‘dark side’ of hashtag hijacking and feminist activism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2020

Reilly Anne Dempsey Willis Open the ORCID record for Reilly Anne Dempsey Willis [Opens in a new window]
Reilly Anne Dempsey Willis*
Affiliation:
University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
*
*Author email: r.willis5@uos.ac.uk
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Abstract

Society thinks, talks, and communicates in ways which are inherently different now from the pre-Internet era. Hashtags in particular have transformed community formation around a particular topic, issue, or goal. A new and relatively under-studied phenomenon is that of ‘hashtag hijacking’, where individuals or groups use a particular hashtag to draw attention to arguments and narratives which undermine or oppose the hashtag's objective. Most of the current literature looks at hashtag hijacking as a positive outlet for counter-discourse/counter-narratives to challenge dominant groups. This study, however, looks at the ‘dark side’ of hashtag hijacking, where groups use trolling tactics similar to the Alt_Right to reinforce misogynistic views. The hijacking of three hashtags is explored in this study: #notacriminal, #women2drive, and #mydressmychoice, to explore feminist theories on the role of social media in a ‘public space’. Does Twitter function as one common public sphere where inequalities are so deeply embedded that minority voices have no hope of being heard? Or does Twitter function as a meeting place for multiple competing public spheres, thus allowing minority – and in this case feminist – voices to be heard?

Keywords

feminismcampaigningwomen's rightshashtags
Type
Research Article
Information
Legal Studies , Volume 40 , Issue 3 , September 2020 , pp. 507 - 526
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society of Legal Scholars

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98 Kennedy, above n 92; Fletcher, above n 92.

99 TD Williams ‘Irish pro-life rally draws 70,000 in march against abortion’ (Breitbart, 2 July 2017) available at https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/07/02/irish-pro-life-rally-draws-70000-in-march-against-abortion.

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103 ‘Saudi Arabia agrees to let women drive’ (New York Times, 26 September 2017) available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-drive.html; ‘Saudi Arabia to allow women to drive in major milestone for country’ (The Telegraph, 26 September 2017) available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/26/saudi-arabia-allow-women-drive/.

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107 N MacFarquhar ‘Saudis arrest woman leading right-to-drive campaign’ (The New York Times, 23 May 2011) available at https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/world/middleeast/24saudi.html.

108 Ibid.

109 C Bell and L Shaikhouni ‘Saudi women driving reform: “We did it”’ (BBC News, 27 September 2017) available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-41412237.

110 Ibid.

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112 N Khomami ‘Saudi cleric banned for saying women's brains “a quarter the size” of men's’ (The Guardian, 23 September 2017) available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/23/saudi-cleric-saad-al-hijri-banned-woman-driving-cars-quarter-brain.

113 Ibid.

114 Ibid.

115 ‘Saudi Arabia to allow women to drive’ (Al Jazeera, 27 September 2017) available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/saudi-arabia-women-drive-170926190857109.html.

116 Center for Security Policy, above n 102; ‘Saudi Arabia agrees to let women drive’, above n 103; ‘Saudi Arabia to allow women to drive’, above n 103; Human Rights Watch, above n 105.

117 ‘Saudi women can drive at last but some say price is silence’(Reuters, 2 October 2017) available at https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-saudi-women-driving-politics/saudi-women-can-drive-at-last-but-some-say-price-is-silence-idUKKCN1C71TJ; ‘Opinion: give Saudi women the right to drive’ (CNN, 24 October 2013) available at https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/24/opinion/begum-saudi-women-driving/index.html.

118 Human Rights Watch, above n 105; ‘What overturning the ban on female drivers means for Saudi Arabia and the world’ (The New Yorker, 12 October 2017) available at https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-overturning-the-ban-on-female-drivers-means-for-saudi-arabia-and-the-world; Human Rights Watch ‘Human rights abuses stemming from male guardianship and sex segregation in Saudi Arabia’ (2008) available at https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/04/19/perpetual-minors/human-rights-abuses-stemming-male-guardianship-and-sex; Human Rights Watch ‘Saudi Arabia: repression overshadows women's reforms’ (2018) available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/18/saudi-arabia-repression-overshadows-womens-reforms.

119 ‘What overturning the ban on female drivers means for Saudi Arabia and the world’, above n 118; ‘“Battle of the sexes”: Saudi men react to women driving’ (Dhaka Tribune, 4 October 2017) available at https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/middle-east/2017/10/04/saudi-men-react-women-driving/.

120 ‘“Battle of the sexes”: Saudi men react to women driving’, above n 119.

121 Bell and Shaikhouni, above n 109.

122 ‘#mydressmychoice v #nudityisnotmychoice’ (Go Woman Africa) available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30217462.

123 I Santos ‘#mydressmychoice: tackling gender discrimination and violence in Kenya one tweet at a time’ (16 March 2015) available at https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/mydressmychoice-tackling-gender-discrimination-and-violence-kenya-one-tweet-time.

124 D Welle ‘#mydressmychoice: Kenyans hold rally to support woman beaten for wearing miniskirt | Africa | DW | 17.11.2014’ (DW.COM) available at https://www.dw.com/en/mydressmychoice-kenyans-hold-rally-to-support-woman-beaten-for-wearing-miniskirt/a-18069645.

125 Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development ‘Making the law count: Kenya: an audit of legal practice on sexual violence’ (2009); Santos, above n 123.

126 ‘Choike – legislating against sexual violence: the Kenyan experience’ Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development, above n 125, p 17.

127 Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development, above n 125.

128 ‘Stop the violent attacks on women: #mydressmychoice’ (Equality Now) available at https://www.equalitynow.org/stop_the_violent_attacks_on_women_mydressmychoice?locale=en.

129 ‘#mydressmychoice – protests in Kenya after a woman is publicly stripped’ available at https://www.globalcitizen.org/es/content/mydressmychoice-protests-in-kenya-after-a-woman-is/; ‘#mydressmychoice’ (14 November 2014) available at https://africasacountry.com/2014/11/mydressmychoice/; ‘My dress, whose choice?’ available at https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/africa/2014/11/99751.html.

130 ‘Uganda bans miniskirts as MPs pass anti-pornography bill’ (The Independent, 19 December 2013) available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/no-thighs-please-uganda-bans-miniskirts-as-mps-pass-anti-pornography-bill-9016686.html. But see ‘Women free to wear miniskirts – Lokodo’ (Daily Monitor, 27 January 2014) available at https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Women-free-to-wear-miniskirts---Lokodo/688334-2148738-v2a1ai/index.html.

131 B Cummings ‘Kenyans protest after woman is beaten and stripped in public’ (The Guardian, 17 November 2014) available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/17/kenya-mydressmychoice-protest-woman-stripped; ‘My dress, whose choice?’, above n 129.

132 ‘Kenyan politician wants to ban miniskirts and tight trousers’ (Index on Censorship, 12 March 2014) available at http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/03/kenya-county-wants-ban-miniskirts-tight-trousers/.

133 P Mkandeh ‘My dress, my choice protest sparks a lot of questions’ (World Pulse, 23 November 2014) available at https://www.worldpulse.com/fr/node/35187; ‘Understanding Africa's “fashion gestapo”: miniskirts, maxi skirts make-up and long beards’ (MG Africa, 5 December 2014) available at https://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-04-understanding-africas-fashion-police/.

134 K Abonyo ‘#mydressmychoice: utter nonsense!!’ available at https://techparada.blogspot.com/2014/11/mydressmychoice-utter-nonsense.html.

135 M Yobby ‘Women, gangs, and silence’ (26 November 2014) available at http://forum.ngeckenya.org/chat/women-gangs-and-silence.

136 ‘Stop the violent attacks on women: #mydressmychoice’, above n 128.

137 D Psirmoi ‘MPs reject changes to sex offences law’ (The Standard, 16 February 2017) available at https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001229527/mps-reject-changes-to-sex-offences-law.

138 Ibid.

139 ‘KHRC – joint press statement by Kenyan women and civil society organizations on the sexual offences against women’ available at https://www.khrc.or.ke/2015-03-04-10-37-01/press-releases/375-joint-press-statement-by-kenyan-women-civil-society-organizations-on-the-sexual-offences-against-women.html; F Indimuli ‘“Anti stripping squad” arrests 5 in Kayole swoop’ (Mpasho News, 27 November 2014) available at https://mpasho.co.ke/anti-stripping-squad-arrests-5-kayole-swoop/; ‘Kenya “anti stripping squad” formed’ (AGR News, 26 November 2014) available at https://agrfm.wordpress.com/2014/11/26/kenya-anti-stripping-squad-formed/; ‘Death penalty for trio who stripped woman’ (BBC News, 19 July 2017).

140 Mkandeh, above n 133.

141 Phillips, above n 13.

142 Kosenko et al, above n 21.

143 Sunstein (2002), above n 51; Sunstein (2009), above n 51; Sunstein (2017), above n 51.

144 McCosker, above n 3, at 213.

145 Ibid, at 215.

146 Karlsen et al, above n 3; Jakubowicz, above n 16.

147 McCosker, above n 3.