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Counting Cases About Milk, Our “Most Nearly Perfect” Food, 1860-1940

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Ronald F. Wright  and
Paul Huck
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Abstract

At the turn of the 20th century, as more people in the United States started moving to urban areas, the quality of the milk supply became one of the preeminent public health challenges of the day and a centerpiece of the Progressive agenda. Governments passed ordinances and statutes to safeguard the milk supply and sanctioned violators of these laws. This study collects the published cases where judges were asked to enforce these health regulations.

Contrary to the Revisionist reading of Progressive Era constitutional history, these cases demonstrate that enforcement of these health laws became more difficult during the Progressive Era. Parties resisting these laws made broader constitutional challenges to the laws more often. While the number of victories for these parties remained steady, the scope of their victories became broader. The study also throws light on the early use of “regulatory crimes.” Governments were more likely throughout the study period to use a criminal rather than a civil enforcement process. Surprisingly, the use of criminal enforcement did not affect the government's success rate in these cases.

Type
Papers of General Interest
Information
Law & Society Review , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , 2002 , pp. 51 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 Law and Society Association.

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Footnotes

We thank David Logan, Marc Miller, Ralph Peeples, and Catherine Harris for their critical reading and advice. We are also grateful to the Economics Department at Wake Forest University for funding research assistance.

References

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