Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-l82ql Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-28T13:13:59.587Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

American Adversarialism

Review products

Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law. By Kagan Robert A. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. 339 pp. Hardcover $49.95. ISBN: 0-674-00621-6.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Essay
Copyright
© 2004 Law and Society Association.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank Martha Umphrey for asking me to write this essay (a request that predated by many months my selection as editor of the Review), and for her comments and advice during the extended period that it was in preparation. I also would like to thank Cristina Ruggiero, David Clarke, Jayanth Krishnan, Marc Galanter, Malcolm Feeley, and James Youngerman for responding to various queries. A conversation with Barbara Yngvesson assisted me in clarifying certain ideas discussed in the concluding section. Stephen Schlesinger of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts generously assisted me in obtaining unpublished data on length of criminal jury trials for 2002. Martha Umphrey and Charles Epp read and commented on an earlier, much longer, version of this essay; their suggestions were extremely helpful, although I bear full responsibility for any deficiencies in the discussion to follow.

References

References

Abbeydale, Lord Cameron, John, Anderson, W. C., Marsh, Norman S., Schilling, Richard S. F., & Skerman, R. S. (1978) “Statistics and Costings.” Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury, Vol. 2. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L., & Lewis, Philip S. C., eds. (1988) Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L., & Lewis, Philip S. C., eds. (1989) “Putting Law Back into the Sociology of Lawyers,” in Abel, R. L. & Lewis, P. S. C., eds., Lawyers in Society: Comparative Theories. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (1950) Annual Report of the Director, 1950, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (1961) Annual Report of the Director, 1960, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (1998) “Judicial Business of the United States Courts,” Annual Report of the Director, 1998, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (2000) “Judicial Business of the United States Courts,” Annual Report of the Director, 2000, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (2001) “Judicial Business of the United States Courts,” Annual Report of the Director, 2001, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (2002) “Judicial Business of the United States Courts,” Annual Report of the Director, 2002, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Allen, Ronald J., Kock, Stefan, Riechenberg, Kurth, & Rosen, D. Toby (1988) “The German Advantage in Civil Procedure: A Plea for More Details and Fewer Generalities in Comparative Scholarship,” 82 Northwestern University Law Rev. 705–62.Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. (1979) “Plea Bargaining and Its History,” 13 Law & Society Rev. 211–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. (1990) “The Vanishing Civil Jury,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 124.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. (1996) “The European Court's Political Power,” 19 West European Politics 458–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alter, Karen J., & Meunier-Aitsahalia, Sophie (1992) “Judicial Politics in the European Community: European Integration and the Pathbreaking Cassis de Dijon Decision,” 26 Comparative Political Studies 535–61.Google Scholar
Baum, Lawrence, Goldman, Sheldon, & Sarat, Austin (198182) “The Evolution of Litigation in the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1895–1975,” 16 Law & Society Rev. 291309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearak, Barry (2000) “In India, the Wheels of Justice Hardly Move,” New York Times, 1 June.Google Scholar
Blankenburg, Erhard, & Rogowski, Ralf (1986) “German Labour Courts and the British Tribunal System: A Socio-Legal Comparison of Degrees of Judicialisation,” 13 J. of Law and Society 6791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boden, Leslie I. (1988) “Reducing Litigation: Evidence from Wisconsin.” Report, Workers Compensation Research Institute, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Bogart, W. A. (2002) Consequences: The Impact of Law and Its Complexity. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogart, W. A., & Vidmar, Neil (1988) “Problems and Experiences with the Ontario Civil Justice System: An Empirical Assessment,” in Hutchinson, A., ed., Access to Justice: Bridges and Barriers. Toronto: Carswell.Google Scholar
Bok, Derek C. (1983) “A Flawed System,” Harvard Magazine, p. 38–45, 70–71 (May/June).Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics (1985) “The Growth of Appeals: 1978-83 Trends,” Bulletin No. NCJ 096381, February.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2002) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2001. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Burke, Thomas F. (2002) Lawyers, Lawsuits, and Legal Rights: The Battle over Litigation in American Society. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Chapper, Joy, & Hanson, Roger (1983) “Cost Shifting in Maricopa County Superior Court: An Exploratory Study of Rule 37 (A) (4),” 8 Justice System J. 325–37.Google Scholar
Chodesh, Hiram, Mayo, Stephen, Ahmadi, A. M., & Singhvi, Abhishek M. (199798) “Indian Civil Justice Reform: Limitation and Preservation of the Adversarial Process,” 30 New York Univ. J. of International Law and Politics 175.Google Scholar
Clermont, Kevin M., & Eisenberg, Theodore (1992) “Trial by Jury or Judge: Transcending Empiricism,” 77 Cornell Law Rev. 1124–77.Google Scholar
Clermont, Kevin M., & Eisenberg, Theodore (2000) “Anti-Plaintiff Bias in the Federal Appellate Courts,” 84 Judicature 128–35.Google Scholar
Clermont, Kevin M., & Eisenberg, Theodore (2001) “Appeal from Jury or Judge Trial: Defendants' Advantage,” 3 American Law and Economics Rev. 125–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, Ronald (1960) “The Problem of Social Cost,” 3 J. of Law & Economics 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H. H. A. (1972) “Plea Bargaining: A Comparative Analysis,” 5 New York Univ. J.ofInternational Law and Politics 427–48.Google Scholar
Cownie, Fiona, & Bradney, Anthony (2000) English Legal System in Context. London: Buttersworth.Google Scholar
Daniels, Stephen (1984) “Ladders and Bushes: The Problem of Caseloads and Studying Court Activities Over Time,” American Bar Foundation Research J. 751–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debroy, Bibek (2002) “Losing a World Record,” Far Eastern Economic Review, p. 23 (14February).Google Scholar
DeFrances, Carol J., & Litras, Marika F. X. (1999) “Civil Trial Cases and Verdicts in Large Counties, 1996,” Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ctcvlc96.pdf.Google Scholar
Dehousse, Renaud (1998) The European Court of Justice: The Politics of Judicial Integration. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djankov, Simeon D., Porta, Rafael La, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, & Shleifer, Andrei (2002) “Courts: The Lex Mundi Project,” Center for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper No. 3344.Google Scholar
Durose, Matthew R., Levin, David J., & Langan, Patric A. (2001) “Felony Sentences in State Courts, 1998,” Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/fssc98.htm.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles E. (1998) The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epp, Charles E. (2000) “Exploring the Costs of Administrative Legalization: City Expenditures on Legal Services, 1960-1995,” 34 Law & Society Rev. 407–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Opinion Research Group (2002) “Eurobarometer‘Standard Report’ (2002): EB 57.1–National Report–United Kingdom,” Brussels: European Opinion Research Group. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb57/eb57_uk.pdf.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. (2003) Personal communication, February 20.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M., & Rubin, Edward L. (1998) Judicial Policy Making and the ModernState:How the Courts Reformed America's Prisons. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Fennell, Phil, Harding, Christopher, Jöorg, Nico, & Swart, Bert, eds. (1995) Criminal Justice in Europe: A Comparative Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
FitzGerald, Jeffrey M. (1983) “Grievances, Disputes and Outcomes: Patterns of ‘MiddleRange’ Disputing in Australia and the United States,” 1 Law in Context 1545.Google Scholar
Friedman, Alan E. (1969) “An Analysis of Settlement,” 22 Stanford Law Rev. 67100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. (1985) Total Justice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1990) “Case Congregations and Their Careers,” 14 Law & Society Rev. 371–95.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1996) “Lawyers in the Mist: The Golden Age of Legal Nostalgia,” 100 Dickinson Law Rev. 549–62.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (2001) “Contract in Court; or Almost Everything You May or May Not Want to Know about Contract Litigation,” Wisconsin Law Rev. 577627.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (2003) “The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts.” Paper presented at the ABA Section on Litigation-CJI Symposium on the Vanishing Trial, San Francisco, California, December 12–14. Available at http://www.abanet.org/litigation/taskforces/cji/nosearch/home.html; accessed on December 10, 2003.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, & Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2003) “Lok Adalats and Legal Rights in India,” in Heller, T. & Jensen, E., eds., Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, J. S. (1988) “Past and Present: A Sociological Portrait of the Indian Legal Profession,” in Abel, R. L. & Lewis, P. S. C., eds., Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Genn, Hazel, & Genn, Yvette (1989) The Effectiveness of Representation at Tribunals: Report to the Lord Chancellor. London: Queen Mary College, Faculty of Laws.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard (1993) The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence. Durham: Duke Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann (1994) A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Abraham S., & Marcus, Martin (1977) “The Myth of Judicial Supervision in Three ‘Inquisitorial’ Systems: France, Italy, and Germany,” 87 Yale Law J. 240–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorby, John D. (1976) “West German Abortion Decision: A Contrast to Roe v. Wade [Introduction],” 9 John Marshall J. of Practice and Procedure 557–94.Google Scholar
Gould, John P. (1973) “The Economics of Legal Conflicts,” 2 J. of Legal Studies 279300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Donald, Maclean, Mavis, Genn, Hazel, Lloyd-Bostock, Sally, Fenn, Paul, Corfield, Peter, & Brittan, Yvonne (1984) Compensation and Support for Illness and Injury. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hatchard, John, Huber, Barbara, & Vogler, Richard, eds. (1996) Comparative Criminal Procedure. London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law.Google Scholar
Hensler, Deborah R., Marquis, M. Susan, Abrahamse, Allan F., Berry, Sandra H., Ebener, Patricia A., Lewis, Elizabeth, Lind, E. Allan, MacCoun, Robert J., Manning, Willard G., Rogowski, Jeannette A., & Vaiana, Mary E. (1991) Compensation for Accidental Injuries in the United States. Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Hensler, Deborah R., Dombey-Moore, Bonnie, Giddens, Beth, Gross, Jennifer, Moller, Erik K., & Pace, Nicholas M. (1999) Class Action Dilemmas: Pursuing Public Goals for Private Gain. Santa Monica: RAND Institute for Civil Justice.Google Scholar
Howard, Philip K. (1994) The Death of Common Sense: How Law Is Suffocating America. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1988) Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1991) Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Insurance Research Council (1999) Injuries in Auto Accidents: An Analysis of Auto Insurance Claims. Malvern, PA: Insurance Research Council.Google Scholar
Jonas, Robert E., & Gorby, John D. (1976) “Translation of the German Federal Constitutional Court Decision,” 9 John Marshall J. of Practice and Procedure 605–84.Google Scholar
JURIST (2003) “India: Indian Law, Legal Research, Human Rights.” Available at http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/india.htm#Profession; accessed on February 25, 2003.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A. (1988) “What Makes Uncle Sammy Sue?,” 21 Law & Society Rev. 717–42.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1990) “How Much Does Law Matter? Labor Law, Competition, and Waterfront Labor Relations in Rotterdam and U.S. Ports,” 24 Law & Society Rev. 3570.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1991) “Adversarial Legalism and American Government,” 10 J. of Policy Analysis and Management 309.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1994) “Do Lawyers Cause Adversarial Legalism? A Preliminary Inquiry,” 19 Law & Social Inquiry 162.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (1996) “The Political Construction of American Adversarial Legalism,” in Ranney, A., ed., Jack Pelatason's Contributions to Political Science. Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Peter W. (2002) Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A., Cartwright, Bliss, Friedman, Lawrence M., & Wheeler, Stanton (1977) “The Business of State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970,” 30 Stanford Law Rev. 121–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenney, Sally J. (1998) “The European Court of Justice: Integrating Europe through Law,” 81 Judicature 250–55.Google Scholar
Krafka, Carol, Cecil, Joe S., & Lombard, Patricia (1995) “Stalking the Increase in the Rate of Federal Civil Appeals,” Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center. Available at http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/rate_of_appeal.pdf/$File/rate_of_appeal.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. (1986) “Adjudication to Settlement: Shading in the Gray,” 70 Judicature 161–65.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. (1996) “Courts, Justice, and Politics in England,” in Jacob, H., Blankenburg, E., Kritzer, H. M., Provine, D. M., & Sanders, J., eds., Courts, Law and Politics in Comparative Perspective. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. (1998) Legal Advocacy: Lawyers and Nonlawyers at Work. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. (2002) “Lawyer Fees and Lawyer Behavior in Litigation: What Does the Empirical Literature Really Say?,” 80 Texas Law Rev. 1943–83.Google Scholar
Kronman, Anthony T. (1993) The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Langbein, John H. (1977) Comparative Criminal Procedure – Germany. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Langbein, John H. (1985) “The German Advantage in Civil Procedure,” 52 Univ. of Chicago Law Rev. 823–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langbein, John H., & Weinreb, Lloyd L. (1978) “Continental Criminal Procedure: ‘Myth’ and Reality,” 87 Yale Law J. 1549–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lempert, Richard O. (1981) “Civil Juries and Complex Cases: Let's Not Rush to Judgment,” 80 Michigan Law Rev. 68132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lempert, Richard, & Monsma, Karl (1988) “Lawyers and Informal Justice: The Case of a Public Housing Eviction Board,” 51 (4) Law and Contemporary Problems 135–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, Martin A. (1977) Urban Politics and the Criminal Courts. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1996) American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Lord Chancellor's Department (2002) “Judicial Statistics: England and Wales for the Year 2001.” Report No. CM5551. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Luban, David (1984) “The Adversary System Excuse,” in Luban, D., ed., The Good Lawyer: Lawyers' Roles and Lawyers' Ethics. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn M. (1973) “Some Determinants of the Method of Case Disposition: Decision-Making by Public Defenders in Los Angeles,” 8 Law & Society Rev. 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Peter J. (2004) “Compliance Motivations: Affirmative and Negative Bases,” 38 Law & Society Rev. 4168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, Wayne V. (198081) “150 Years of Litigation and Dispute Settlement: A Court Tale,” 15 Law & Society Rev. 823–48.Google Scholar
Miller, Mark C. (1995) The High Priests of American Politics: The Role of Lawyers in American Political Institutions. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Richard E., & Sarat, Austin (198081) “Grievances, Claims, and Disputes: Assessing the Adversary Culture,” 15 Law & Society Rev. 525–65.Google Scholar
Mullenix, Linda (1994a) “Discovery in Disarray: The Pervasive Myth of Pervasive Discovery Abuse and the Consequences of Unfounded Rulemaking,” 46 Stanford Law Rev. 1393–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullenix, Linda (1994b) “The Pervasive Myth of Pervasive Discovery Abuse: The Sequel,” 39 Boston College Law Rev. 683–89.Google Scholar
Nagpaul, Hans (1994) “The Legal Profession in Indian Society: A Case Study of Lawyers at a Local Level in North India,” 22 International J. of Sociology of Law 5976.Google Scholar
National Court Statistics Project (1982) State Court Organization, 1980. Williamsburg, VA: National Court Statistics Project.Google Scholar
New York Stock Exchange (2003) Available at http://www.nysedata.com/factbook/viewer_edition.asp?mode=table&key=64&category=4; accessed on July 8, 2003.Google Scholar
Novak, Viveca (2002) “Putting the Death Penalty to Work,” Time, p. 16 (22 April).Google Scholar
O'Connell, Jeffrey (1979) The Lawsuit Lottery: Only the Lawyers Win. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Olson, Walter K. (1991) The Litigation Explosion: What Happened When America Unleashed the Lawsuit. New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton.Google Scholar
Olson, Walter K. (2003) The Rule of Lawyers: How the New Litigation Elite Threatens America's Rule of Law. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Ontario Law Reform Commission (1987) Report on Compensation for Personal Injuries and Death. Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Brian J., Kauder, Neal B., & LaFountain, Robert C. (2001) Examining the Work of State Courts, 2001: A National Perspective from the Court Statistics Project. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.Google Scholar
Pacelle, Richard L. (1991) The Transformation of the Supreme Court's Agenda: From the New Deal to the Reagan Administration. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Pacelle, Richard L. (1995) “The Dynamics and Determinants of Agenda Change in the Rehnquist Court,” in Epstein, L., ed., Contemplating Courts. Washington: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Popkin, William D. (1977) “The Effect of Representation in Nonadversary Proceedings—AStudy of Three Disability Programs,” 62 Cornell Law Rev. 9891048. pmid/10316501Google ScholarPubMed
Posner, Richard A. (1973) “An Economic Approach to Legal Procedure and Judicial Administration,” 2 J. of Legal Studies 399455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powe, Lucas A. (2000) The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Quayle, Dan (1992) “Civil Justice Reform,” 41 American Univ. Law Rev. 559–69.Google Scholar
Reaves, Brian A. (2001) “Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1998,” Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/fdluc98.pdf.Google Scholar
Seabury, Seth, Pace, Nicholas M., & Reville, Robert T. (2004) “Forty Years of Civil Jury Verdicts,” 1 J. of Empirical Legal Studies 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selvin, Molly, & Ebener, Patricia A. (1984) Managing the Unmanageable: A History of Civil Delay in the Los Angeles Superior Court. Santa Monica: RAND Institute for Civil Justice.Google Scholar
Shanley, Michael (1991) “The Distribution of Posttrial Adjustments to Jury Awards,” 20 J. of Legal Studies 403–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanley, Michael, & Peterson, Mark A. (1987) Posttrial Adjustments to Jury Awards. Santa Monica: RAND.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin (1992) “The European Court of Justice,” in Sbragia, A. M., ed., Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policymaking in the “New” European Community. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, Sweet, Alec Stone, & Weiler, Joseph H., eds. (1998) The European Courts and the National Courts: Legal Change in its Social, Political, and Economic Context. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Songer, Donald R., Sheehan, Reginald S., & Haire, Susan B. (2000) Continuity and Change on the United States Courts of Appeals. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr-Deelen, Donna, & Deelen, Bart (1996) “The European Court of Justice as a Federator,” 26 Publius 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistisches Bundesamt (2002) Statistisches Jahrbuch 2002 Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, & Brunell, Thomas L. (1998) “Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community,” 92 American Political Science Rev. 6381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stookey, John A. (1990) “Trials and Tribulations: Crises, Litigation, and Legal Change,” 14 Law & Society Rev. 497520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, Robert, & Taruffo, Michele (1991) “Interpretation and Comparative Analysis,” in McCormick, D. N. & Summers, R., eds., Interpreting Statutes: A Comparative Study. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Dartmouth Publishing.Google Scholar
Vidmar, Neil (1994) “Pap and Circumstance: What Jury Verdict Statistics Can Tell Us About Jury Behavior and the Tort System,” 28 Suffolk Univ. Law Rev. 1205–34.Google Scholar
Vidmar, Neil (1995) Medical Malpractice and the American Jury: Confronting the Myths about Jury Incompetence, Deep Pockets, and Outrageous Damage Awards. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volcansek, Mary L. (1992) “The European Court of Justice: Supranational Policy-Making,” 15 West European Politics 109–21.Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph H. H. (1999) The Constitution of Europe: Essays on the Ends and Means of European Integration. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
White, Welsh S. (1971) “A Proposal for Reform of the Plea Bargaining Process,” 119 Univ. of Pennsylvania Law Rev. 439–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, Adrian A. S. ed. (1999) Civil Justice in Crisis: Comparative Dimensions of Civil Procedure. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgentaler v. the Queen, 20 CCC 2nd 449 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914).Google Scholar