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15 Beaumont & Tocqueville, Penitentiary System 28–29. They were especially fond of Superintendent Elam Lynde of Sing Sing and included parts of the transcript of their interviews with him in the book; see App. 11,” Conversation with Mr. Elam Lynde,” at 199–203. It should be noted, however, that they were not so favorably disposed to penal administrators who operated on a contract basis for profits; for example, see id. at 36–37.Google Scholar

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17 Id. at 59.Google Scholar

18 For example, see id. at 104–7, 125–30.Google Scholar

19 For example, see id. at 50–51, 59–60. On balance, they judged the Philadelphia system better at preventing corruptive relations among inmates and effecting spiritual reformation, and the Auburn system better at inculcating habits of work and obedience: “If it be so, the Philadelphia system produces more honest men, and that of New York more obedient citizens” (at 60).Google Scholar

20 For example, see their discussion of the Auburn system in id., at 4–8.Google Scholar

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22 For example, see id. at 44–47. They acknowledged that “the penitentiary system in America is severe” (at 47). But they noted that the use of corporal punishments (i.e., whipping or “stripes”) at Auburn was “not so frequent as is believed”; the Philadelphia system, they reported, made no use of the whip (at 46).Google Scholar

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24 Id. at 27.Google Scholar

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30 Id. at 105.Google Scholar

31 Id.Google Scholar

32 Id. at 106–7.Google Scholar

33 Id. at 101.Google Scholar

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35 Id.Google Scholar

36 Parts of the discussion that follow in this section are taken from DiIulio, Governing Prisons ch. 1 (cited in note 11).Google Scholar

37 Clemmer, Donald, The Prison Community (New York: Rinehart & Co., 1958; first published 1940).Google Scholar

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41 Id. at 314; emphasis added.Google Scholar

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46 Id. at xii.Google Scholar

47 Id. at 5.Google Scholar

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50 Id. at 134.Google Scholar

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52 Id. at 124.Google Scholar

53 See DiIulio, Governing Prisons 23–26, and DiIulio & Toch, Society, July/Aug. 1989 (both cited in note 11).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

54 Sykes, Society of Captives 129.Google Scholar

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58 DiIulio, Governing Prisons (cited in note 11).Google Scholar

59 For one account, see David, C. Anderson, “The Price of Safety: 'I Can't Go Back Out There',” 6 Corrections Mag. 6 (1980).Google Scholar

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62 Id.Google Scholar

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72 Id. at 124–26, 248.Google Scholar

73 Id. at 241.Google Scholar

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78 Among his many influential works, see Wilson, James Q., Thinking About Crime (rev. ed. New York: Basic Books, 1983), and (with Hernstein, Richard J.), Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).Google Scholar

79 See, e.g., James Q. Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986); Political Organizations (New York: Basic Books, 1973); The Investigators (New York: Basic Books, 1978); ed., The Politics of Regulation (New York: Basic Books, 1980); and Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989).Google Scholar

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81 For one example, see James Coleman et al, High School Achievement (New York: Basic Books, 1982). For an overview, see Edward B. Fiske,” New Look at Effective Schools,”N.Y. Times. 15 April 1984, sec. 12. For a refinement of the “effective schools” literature, see Chubb, John & Terry, Moe, What Price Democracy? (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990).Google Scholar

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83 For an overgenerous example, see William K. Muir, book review, 82 Am Pol. Sci. Rev. 1374 (1988). The research as reported in the dissertation won the American Political Science Association's 1987 Leonard D. White Award. The only reason I note that fact is that the award is given to a work in the field of public administration and policy studies.Google Scholar

84 For a short list of these reactions, see note 11 above.Google Scholar

85 Irwin, 34 Crime & Delinq. 335 (cited in note 11).Google Scholar

86 Crouch, Ben M. &. Marquart, James W., An Appeal to Justice (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989). For an analysis of the Texas prison system in relation to judicial intervention which juxtaposes the competing views of Crouch and Marquart, DiIulio, and Sheldon E land-Olson & Steve Martin, see DiIulio, Courts chs. 2, 3, 4, &. 11 (cited in note 9).Google Scholar

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89 Useem, Corrections Today at 94 (cited in note 11). In addition to ch. 6 of Governing Prisons, I would highlight note 13 of that chapter and my 27 Sept. 1989 testimony before the House of Representatives Judiciary Subcommittee relating to “boot camp” facilities.Google Scholar

90 Among the systems where this is true, I would include (as of this writing) Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. On the last see John J. DiIulio, Jr., Barbed Wire Bureaucracy: Leadership and Administration in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1930–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar

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