Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T10:30:39.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The New Politics of Judicial Appointments in Southern Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 September 2022

Peter Brett*
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in International Politics, School of Politics and International Relations, Queen Mary - University of London, United Kingdom p.brett@qmul.ac.uk

Abstract

Political scientists analyze the global rise of judicial appointment commissions as a response to judicialized politics. They argue that appointment processes have formalized to include more constituencies now affected by judicial decisions. This article presents evidence from Southern Africa confounding their expectations. In this region, formalization has social as well as political origins. Over the last two decades, the senior judiciary has suddenly become subject to the same demands for organizational accountability and descriptive representation that sociologists of other professions have been documenting for decades. Throughout the region, therefore, it has become increasingly difficult to defend opaque practices inherited from British (and South African) colonialism. Twenty years ago, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland/Eswatini all recruited most appellate judges from abroad through informal channels. In every country, this system has come under pressure from a variety of local sources. Yet those demanding reform have always been able to mobilize new international orthodoxies that require the judiciary to represent its society and make itself accountable to profane, external audiences. These new orthodoxies have acquired an unusual power in Southern Africa thanks to their embodiment in South Africa’s own post-apartheid transition, and long-standing moral imperatives to “localize” senior expatriate positions in postcolonial states.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Bar Foundation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Much earlier versions of this manuscript benefited from feedback received at numerous conferences and workshops. I am especially grateful to audiences at the biennial European Conference on African Studies in 2017 and 2019 and the annual conference of the Socio-Legal Studies Association in 2017. This research was funded by a British Academy/Leverhulme Small Research Grant (SG no. 161671). I am very grateful to the academy and to Sara Dezalay, the primary investigator. Alexander Stroh-Steckelberg and Jan Budniok began my interest in appointments. Research assistance from Maryam Nahhal on a parallel project proved invaluable. In later stages, Rachel Ellett very kindly shared her own draft manuscripts on similar topics and made a number of helpful comments. My greatest thanks, however, go to my anonymous interviewees, who have been exceptionally generous with their time. All remaining errors are of course my own.

References

REFERENCES

Ackroyd, Stephen. 2016. “Sociological and Organisational Theories of Professions and Professionalism.” In The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism, edited by Dent, Mike, Bourgeault, Ivy Lynn, Denis, Jean-Louis, and Kuhlmann, Ellen, 1530. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Aguda, Akinola. 1997. Report of the Presidential Commission on the Judiciary. Gaborone, Botswana: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Albertyn, Catherine. 2014. “Judicial Diversity.” In The Judiciary in South Africa, edited by Hoexter, Cora and Olivier, Morné, 245–87. Cape Town: Juta.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2004. Human Rights at Risk in a Climate of Political and Legal Uncertainty. Index no. AFR 55/004/2004. London: International Secretariat.Google Scholar
Badinter, Robert. 2003. “Introduction.” In Les Entretiens de Provence: Le Juge dans la Société Contemporaine, edited by Badinter, Robert and Breyer, Stephen, 914. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Baloro, John. 1994. “The Development of Swaziland’s Constitution: Monarchical Responses to Modern Challenges.” Journal of African Law 38, no. 1: 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen, and Ellett, Rachel. 2015. “Botswana: Delayed Indigenization and Feminization of the Judiciary.” In Gender and the Judiciary in Africa, edited by Bauer, Gretchen and Dawuni, Josephine, 4964. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynham, Simon, and Mills, Greg. 1987. “Lesotho: Between Dependence and Destabilisation.” The World Today 43, no. 3: 5254.Google Scholar
Bischoff, Paul-Henri. 1988. “Why Swaziland Is Different: An Explanation of the Kingdom’s Political Position in Southern Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 3: 457–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobek, Michal, and Kosař, David. 2014. “Global Solutions, Local Damages: A Critical Study in Judicial Councils in Central and Eastern Europe.” German Law Journal 15, no. 7: 1257–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, Alan. 1983. Swaziland: Tradition and Change in a Southern African Kingdom. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Booysen, Susan. 2011. The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothoko, Pini. 2020. “Kirby Runs CoA Single-handedly.” Mmegi, September 11. https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/mmegi/20200911/281569473140258.Google Scholar
Botswana Democratic Party. 1979. Election Manifesto 1979. Gaborone: Botswana Democratic Party.Google Scholar
Brand, David. 1995. An Advocate’s Tale: The Memoirs of Lord Brand. Aberdeen, UK: Scottish Cultural Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicholas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, Peter. 2018. Human Rights and the Judicialisation of African Politics. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brickhill, Jason, Marcus, Gilbert, and Corder, Hugh. 2011. “Administration of Justice.” Annual Survey of South African Law 2011: 148.Google Scholar
Bukurura, Sufian Hemed. 2002. Essays on Constitutionalism and the Administration of Justice in Namibia, 1990–2002. Windhoek, Namibia: Out of Africa.Google Scholar
Bulmer, Elliott. 2017. Judicial Appointments: International IDEA’s Constitution-Building Primer 4. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Cameron, Edwin. 1987. “Nude Monarchy: The Case of South Africa’s Judges.” South African Journal on Human Rights 3, no. 3: 338–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandrachud, Chintan. 2018. “Judicialization of Judicial Appointments? A Response from the United Kingdom.” In Appointment of Judges to the Supreme Court of India: Transparency, Accountability, and Independence, edited by Sengupta, Arghya and Sharma, Ritwika, 208–18. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, Roger. 1991. “Bureaucrats and Politicians in Botswana’s Policy-Making Process: A Reinterpretation.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 29, no. 3: 265–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Lovenduski, Joni. 2013. “Political Representation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics, edited by Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna, and Weldon, Laurel, 489513. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission of Inquiry into State Capture. 2021. “Day 427: Evidence from the President of the Republic of South Africa, His Excellency, Mr. Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa.” August 11. https://www.statecapture.org.za/site/hearings/date/2021/8/11.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Magistrates’ and Judges’ Association and Commonwealth Legal Education Association. 2013. Judicial Appointments Commissions: A Model Clause for Constitutions. London: Commonwealth Magistrates’ and Judges’ Association and Commonwealth Legal Education Association.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Secretariat, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Commonwealth Legal Education Association, Commonwealth Magistrates’ and Judges’ Association, and Commonwealth Lawyers’ Association. 2004. Commonwealth (Latimer House) Principles on the Three Branches of Government. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.Google Scholar
Corder, Hugh. 1992. “The Appointment of Judges: Some Comparative Ideas.” Stellenbosch Law Review 3: 207–30.Google Scholar
Corder, Hugh. 2011. “Appointment, Discipline and Removal of Judges in South Africa.” In Judiciaries in Comparative Perspective, edited by Lee, H. P., 96116. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, James Richard. 1970. “History and Nature of the Judicial System of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.” South African Law Journal 87: 7686.Google Scholar
Davis, Rebecca. 2022. “DA Demands Investigation into All ANC Cadre Deployment Appointments.” Daily Maverick, January 12. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-01-12-da-demands-investigation-into-all-anc-cadre-deployment-appointments/.Google Scholar
Deleglise, Dimpho. 2021. “Trends in SADC Mediation and Long-Term Conflict Transformation.” In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, edited by McNamee, Terence and Muyangwa, Monde, 215–33. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derbyshire, Penny. 2011. Sitting in Judgement: The Working Lives of Judges. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Diemont, Marius. 1995. Brushes with the Law. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.Google Scholar
Diescho, Joseph. 1994. The Namibian Constitution in Perspective. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dixon, Rosalind, and Jackson, Vicki. 2019. “Hybrid Constitutional Courts: Foreign Judges on National Constitutional Courts.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 57: 283356.Google Scholar
Dlamini, Hlengiwe Portia. 2019. A Constitutional History of the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland), 1960–1982. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dlamini, Kwanele, and Ndzimande, Mbonginesi. 2019. “CJ: Political Elite Clique Threatening JSC.” Times of Swaziland, August 13. http://www.times.co.sz/news/124893-cj-political-elite-clique-threatening-jsc.html.Google Scholar
Dobell, Lauren. 1998. Swapo’s Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.Google Scholar
Dressel, Björn, and Mietzner, Marcus. 2012. “A Tale of Two Courts: The Judicialization of Electoral Politics in Asia.” Governance 25, no. 3: 391414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dube, Angelo, and Nhlabatsi, Sibusiso. 2016. “The King Can Do No Wrong: The Impact of the Law Society of Swaziland v Simelane NO & Others on Constitutionalism.” African Human Rights Law Journal 16: 265–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugard, John. 1978. Human Rights and the South African Legal Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dynzenhaus, David. 1998. Judging the Judges, Judging Ourselves: Truth, Reconciliation and the Apartheid Legal Order. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Ellett, Rachel. 2011. The Politics of Judicial Independence of Lesotho: Freedom House Report. Johannesburg: Freedom House Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stephen, and ter Haar, Gerrie. 2004. Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Eustace, Rowland. 1995. “A Comment on the discussion of Conrad Russell’s ‘Academic Freedom’.” Minerva 33, no. 1: 6773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feingold, Ellen. 2018. Colonial Justice and Decolonization in the High Court of Tanzania, 1920–1971. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fombad, Charles. 2007. “The Swaziland Constitution of 2005: Can Absolutism Be Reconciled with Modern Constitutionalism?South African Journal on Human Rights 23, no. 1: 93115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fombad, Charles. 2010. “Mixed Systems in Southern Africa: Divergences and Convergences.” Tulane European and Civil Law Forum 25: 121.Google Scholar
Forster, Bankie. 1981. “Introduction to the History of the Administration of Justice of the Republic of Botswana.” Botswana Notes and Records 13: 89100.Google Scholar
Freidson, Eliot. 1994. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy and Policy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Google Scholar
Frimpong, Kwame. 2007. “Ghana’s Contribution to Legal Development in Botswana.” University of Ghana Journal 23: 93128.Google Scholar
Garoupa, Nuno, and Ginsburg, Tom. 2015. Judicial Reputation: A Comparative Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasennelwe, Utlwanang. 2018. “Ex UB Vice Chancellor blasts CoA Judges Selection.” Weekend Post, January 16. https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/20154/news/ex-ub-vice-chancellor-blasts-coa-judges-selection/.Google Scholar
Gee, Graham. 2012. “The Persistent Politics of Judicial Selection.” In Judicial Independence in Transition, edited by Seibert-Fohr, Anja, 121–45. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, Graham, Hazell, Robert, Malleson, Kate, and O’Brien, Patrick. 2015. The Politics of Judicial Independence in the UK’s Changing Constitution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Ella. 2018. “Purges and Paranoia.” London Review of Books 40, no. 10: 2232.Google Scholar
Ghai, Jill C., and Ghai, Yash. 2018. “The Contribution of the South African Constitution to Kenya’s Constitution.” In Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments: A Critical Assessment of 1996 South African Constitution’s Local and International Influence, edited by Dixon, Rosalind and Roux, Theunis, 252–93. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, Richard. 1997. “Regional Integration in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: The Case of Renegotiating the Southern African Customs Union.” Journal of Southern African Studies 23, no. 1: 6786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, Kenneth. 2017. “Democracy and Development in Botswana.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35, no. 1: 113–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf. 1996. “Living Their Lives in Courts: The Counter-hegemonic Force of the Tswana Kgotla.” In Inside and Outside the Law, edited by Harris, Olivia, 125–56. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf. 2012. The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and Its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. New York: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Hale, Brenda. 2014. “Women in the Judiciary.” Fiona Woolf Lecture for the Women Lawyers’ Division of the Law Society, London, June 27.Google Scholar
Hammergren, Linn. 2002. “Judicial Independence and Judicial Accountability: The Shifting Balance in Reform Goals.” In Guidance for Promoting Judicial Independence and Impartiality. USAID Office of Democracy and Governance Technical Publications Series, 149–65. Washington, DC: USAID.Google Scholar
Harrington, John, and Manji, Ambreena. 2019. “‘Africa Needs Many Lawyers: Trained for the Need of Their Peoples’: Struggles over Legal Education in Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghana.” American Journal of Legal History 59, no. 2: 149–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2, no. 4: 725–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschl, Ran. 2004. Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran. 2014. Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hoexter, Cora. 2017. “The Judicial Service Commission: Lessons from South Africa.” In Debating Judicial Appointments in an Age of Diversity, edited by Gee, Graham and Rackley, Erika, 83100. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Stephen. 2004. “Judicial Independence as Ambiguous Reality and Insidious Illusion.” In From Liberal Values to Democratic Transition: Essays in Honor of Janos Kis, edited by Dworkin, Ronald, 214. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
International Bar Association. 1982. “Minimum Standards of Judicial Independence.” https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/IBA_Resolutions_Minimum_Standards_of_Judicial_Independence_1982.pdf.Google Scholar
International Foundation of Electoral Systems. 2004. Global Best Practices: Judicial Councils: Lessons Learned from Europe and Latin America. Arlington, VA: International Foundation of Electoral Systems.Google Scholar
International Commission of Jurists. 2016. Justice Locked Out: Swaziland’s Rule of Law Crisis, International Fact-Finding Report. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.Google Scholar
Johnson, Rachel. 2014. “Women as a Sign of the New? Appointments to South Africa’s Constitutional Court since 1994.” Politics and Gender 10, no. 4: 595621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judges Matter . 2016. “Judicial Service Commission Interviews: Judge B. Vally.” October 4. https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/october-2016-interviews/transcripts/.Google Scholar
Judges Matter . 2018. “Judicial Service Commission interviews: Judge B. Vally.” April 10. https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/interviews/april-2018-interviews/transcripts-april-2018/.Google Scholar
Kavendjii, Clive L., and Horn, Nico. 2008. “The Independence of the Legal Profession in Namibia.” In The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia, edited by Horn, Nico and Bösl, Anton, 291309. Windhoek, Namibia: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.Google Scholar
Kavetu, Maitjituavi Stanley. 2021. “The Lack of Transparency in Appointing Judicial Officers.” The Namibian, April 16. https://www.namibian.com.na/210618/archive-read/The-Lack-of-Transparency-in-Appointing-Judicial-Officers.Google Scholar
Kirby, Michael. 1999. “Modes of Appointment and Training of Judges: A Common Law Perspective.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute 41, no. 2: 147–59.Google Scholar
Klaaren, Jonathan, and Roux, Theunis. 2010. “The Nicholson Judgment: An Exercise in Law and Politics.” Journal of African Law 54, no. 1: 143–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaaren, Jonathan, and Woolman, Stuart. 1994. “Public Hearings for Constitutional Court Judges.” Working Paper no. 22, Centre for Applied Legal Studies, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz. 2000. Constituting Democracy: Law, Globalism, and South Africa’s Political Reconstruction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law Society Gazette . 2020. “Supreme Court Seeks #gifted Candidate.” November 5. https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/obiter/supreme-court-seeks-gifted-candidate/5106281.article.Google Scholar
Le Roux, Michelle, and Davis, Dennis. 2019. Lawfare: Judging Politics in South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.Google Scholar
Leon, Tony. 2008. On the Contrary: Leading the Opposition in a Democratic South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.Google Scholar
Lekgowe, Gosego, and Motswagole, Kabo. 2011. “Court of Appeal and Its Foreign Judges.” Sunday Standard, August 8. http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=11580&GroupID=5.Google Scholar
Lewis, Carole. 1998. “A Tribute to Etienne Mureinik: Friend and Colleague.” South African Journal on Human Rights 14, no. 1: 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMillan, Hugh. 1985. “Swaziland: Decolonisation and the Triumph of ‘Tradition’.” Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 4: 643–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makgala, John Christian, and Malila, Ikanyeng Stonto. 2014. The 2011 BOFEPUSU Strike: A Story of the Fight for Restoration of Workers’ Purchasing Power. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.Google Scholar
Malan, Koos. 2014. “Reassessing of Judicial Independence and Impartiality against the Backdrop of Judicial Appointments in South Africa.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 17, no. 5: 19652040.Google Scholar
Malleson, Kate. 2006a. “Introduction.” Malleson and Russell, Appointing Judges, 3–10. Toronto: Toronto University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malleson, Kate. 2006b. “The New Judicial Appointments Commission in England and Wales: New Wine in New Bottles.” In Malleson and Russell, Appointing Judges, 39–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maphalala, Nothando. 2021. Kingdom of Eswatini: Conflict Insights. Addis Ababa: Institute for Security Studies, Addis Ababa University.Google Scholar
Maqutu, W. C. M. 1990. Contemporary Constitutional History in Lesotho. Lesotho: Mazenod Institute.Google Scholar
Maseko, Thulani. 2020. “Judgeship: Something Akin to Priesthood.” Mmegi, June 12. https://www.mmegi.bw/opinion-analysis/judgeship-something-akin-to-priesthood/news.Google Scholar
Masengu, Tabeth. 2016. “A Reflection on Zimbabwe’s JSC Interviews for the Supreme Court.” Judges Matter, November 14. https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/opinions/a-reflection-on-zimbabwes-jsc-interviews-for-the-supreme-court/.Google Scholar
Masengu, Tabeth. 2020. “The Judicial Service Commission and the Appointment of Women: More to It Than Meets the Eye.” International Journal of the Legal Profession 27, no. 2: 161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathe, Audrin. 2009. “Persuasion as a Social Heuristic: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Making of the Constitution of Namibia.” PhD diss., University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Maundeni, Zibani. 2010. “Political Culture as a Source of Political Instability: The Case of Lesotho.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 4, no. 4: 128–39.Google Scholar
Melber, Henning. 2020. “Geingob 2.0: Namibia’s New Government.” Journal of Namibian Studies 27: 101–21.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness among Working-class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Modise, Oliver. 2009. “Advert for Judges’ Posts around the Corner.” Mmegi, June 17. https://www.mmegi.bw/news/advert-for-judges-posts-around-the-corner/news.Google Scholar
Moerane, Marumo, and Trengove, Wim. 1995. “A Fascinating Year … Representing the Profession on the Judicial Service Commission.” Consultus 8, no. 2: 149–50.Google Scholar
Monyake, Moletsane. 2020. “Assurance Dilemmas of the Endangered Institutional Reforms Process in Lesotho.” Canadian Journal of African Studies (online first version).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosarwe, Queen. 2017. “CoA Bill Amendments Backdoor Entry for Judges – LSB.” Botswana Gazette, March 9. https://www.thegazette.news/news/coa-bill-amendments-backdoor-entry-for-judges-lsb/.Google Scholar
Mosikare, Oarabile. 2020. “Tension Brews between High Court, Appeals Judges.” Mmegi, June 26. https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/mmegi/20200626/281517933387262.Google Scholar
Motsamai, Dimpho. 2011. “Swaziland: Can Southern Africa’s Last Absolute Monarchy Democratise?African Security Review 20, no. 2: 4250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motlogelwa, Tshireletso, and Moeng, Gothataone. 2012. “Dingake: the Beneveryman(1).” Mmegi, October 5. https://www.mmegi.bw/features/dingakethe-beneverymanpart-1/news.Google Scholar
Müller, Johann Alexander. 2012. “The Inevitable Pipeline into Exile”: Botswana’s Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngcobo, Sandile, Nganunu, Julian, and Ramadhani, Augustino S. L.. 2013. The Crisis of the Judicial Leadership in the Kingdom of Lesotho Report of the High-Level Mission of the International Commission of Jurists in the Kingdom of Lesotho. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.Google Scholar
Ndeunyema, Ndjodi. 2020. “Vote, but You Cannot Verify: The Namibian Supreme Court’s Presidential Election Decision.” OxHRH Blog, February 17. https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/vote-but-you-cannot-verify-the-namibian-supreme-courts-presidential-election-decision.Google Scholar
Ndzimandze, Mbongiseni. 2015. “Historic Public Interviews for Judges Posts.” Times of Swaziland, July 30. http://www.times.co.sz/news/103948-historic-public-interviews-for-judges-posts.html.Google Scholar
Nwabueze, Benjamin. 1977. Judicialism in Commonwealth Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
‘Nyane, Hoolo. 2019. Judicial Reforms in Lesotho: A Case for Changing the Base and the Superstructure. Transformation Resource Centre: Occasional Paper no. 1. Maseru: Truth and Reconciliation Commission.Google Scholar
‘Nyane, Hoolo. 2021. “Choosing Lesotho’s Judges on Merit Should Be Only the Start of Judicial Reforms.” The Conversation, May 9. https://theconversation.com/choosing-lesothos-judges-on-merit-should-be-only-the-start-of-judicial-reforms-160014.Google Scholar
O’Linn, Bryan. 2010. Namibia: the Sacred Trust of Civilization: Ideal and Reality. Vol. 2. Windhoek, Namibia: Polination.Google Scholar
O’Malley, Padraig. 1993. “Interview: Albie Sachs.” The Heart of Hope, November 19. https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv00017/04lv00344/05lv00730/06lv00805.htm.Google Scholar
Olivier, Morné, and Hoexter, Cora. 2014. “The Judicial Selection Commission.” In The Judiciary in South Africa, edited by Olivier, Morné and Hoexter, Cora, 154–99. Cape Town: Juta.Google Scholar
Ontebetse, Khonani. 2017. “Sir Seretse Khama Also Rejected JSC Recommendation on Judge’s Appointment.” Sunday Standard, November 17. https://www.sundaystandard.info/sir-seretse-khama-also-rejected-jsc-recommendation-on-judgeocos-appointment/.Google Scholar
Ookeditse, Lawrence. 2021. “The ‘Burden of Expectation’ and Political Instability: A Case for Direct Election of the President of Botswana.” African Security Review 30, no. 1: 121–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otlhogile, Bojosi. 1996. Ways of the Bench: Speeches by Chief Justices, Attorneys-General and the Bar. Gaborone, Botswana: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Otlhogile, Bojosi. 2001. “Justice moderne et justice coutumière au Botswana.” In Le Botswana Contemporain, edited by Compagnon, Daniel and Mokopakgosi, Brian T., 355–70. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Oxtoby, Chris. 2021. “The Appointment of Judges: Reflections on the Performance of the South African Judicial Service Commission.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1: 3447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oxtoby, Chris, and Masengu, Tabeth. 2017. “Who Nominates Judges? Some Issues Underlying Judicial Appointments in South Africa.” Stellenbosch Law Review 28, no. 3: 540–62.Google Scholar
Palley, Claire. 1969. “Rethinking the Judicial Role: The Judiciary and Good Government.” Zambian Law Journal 1: 135.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Charles. 2007. Bills of Rights and Decolonization: The Emergence of Domestic Human Rights Instruments in Britain’s Overseas Territories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phakela, Mohalenyane. 2019. “Mahase Savages Mosito.” Lesotho Times, June 5. https://allafrica.com/stories/201906050423.html.Google Scholar
Phakela, Mohalenyane. 2021. “Judicial Crisis as Judge Tshosa Resigns.” Lesotho Times, August 4. https://lestimes.com/judicial-crisis-as-judge-tshosa-resigns/.Google Scholar
Pillay, Kailene. 2021. “Concourt Interviews to Begin Rerun after Objections.” IOL News, October 4. https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/concourt-interviews-to-begin-rerun-after-objections-80498f4b-e28a-484d-8e2e-1668d13216d6.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polhemus, James. 1994. “Still South Africa’s Hostages? The BLS States in a Changing Southern Africa.” In The Dynamics of Change in Southern Africa, edited by Rich, Paul, 234–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, Daniel, and Young, Daniel. 2007. “The Institutionalization of Political Power in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 3: 126–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickard, Carmel. 2019. “Lesotho’s PM Threatens Top Judge with Second Impeachment.” AfricanLII, July 11. https://africanlii.org/article/20190711/lesotho%E2%80%99s-pm-threatens-top-judge-second-impeachment.Google Scholar
Rickard, Carmel. 2021. “Former Chief Justices Join Row over Kenya President’s Appointment of Selected Judges Only.” AfricanLII, June 11. ’https://africanlii.org/article/20210610/former-chief-justices-join-row-over-kenya-president’s-appointment-selected-judges.Google Scholar
Sebudubudu, David. 2018. “Botswana.” Africa Yearbook: Vol. 14, edited by Abbink, Jon, Adetula, Victor, Mehler, Andreas, and Melber, Henning, 436–44. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Shale, Itumeleng. 2018. “Independence and Accountability of the Judiciary in Lesotho.” Lesotho Law Journal 26: 166–93.Google Scholar
Shale, Sofonea. 2008. “The Challenge of Political Legitimacy posed by the 2007 General Election.” Journal of African Elections 7, no. 1: 109–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shale, Victor. 2017. “Political Parties and Political Instability in Lesotho.” In Towards an Anatomy of Persistent Political Instability in Lesotho 1966–2016, edited by Thabane, Motlatsi, 2346. Roma: National University of Lesotho.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 2013. “Judicial Independence: New Challenges in Established Nations.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20, no. 1: 253–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvester, Jeremy. 2015. “Forging the Fifth Province.” Journal of Southern African Studies 41, no. 3: 505–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simelane, Tintfombi. 2012. “Historic Sitting for Supreme Court.” Times of Swaziland, May 3. http://www.times.co.sz/News/75099.html.Google Scholar
Smuts, David. 2019. Death, Detention and Disappearance. Cape Town: Tafelberg.Google Scholar
Spitz, Richard, and Chaskalson, Matthew. 2000. The Politics of Transition: A Hidden History of South Africa’s Negotiated Settlement. Johannesburg: Witswatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Steinmann, Reitha, and Cohrssen, Caroline. 2006. Law Society of Namibia: 85th Anniversary Commemorative Book. Windhoek, Namibia: Law Society of Namibia.Google Scholar
Steytler, Nico. 1993. “The Judicialization of Namibian Politics.” South African Journal on Human Rights 9, no. 4: 477–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunday Standard . 2016. “Dibotelo Running Scared after Demonic Death Threats.” November 20. https://www.sundaystandard.info/dibotelo-running-scared-after-demonic-death-threats/.Google Scholar
Sunday Standard . 2017. “BOFEPUSU All over Justice Kirby.” February 5. https://www.sundaystandard.info/bofepusu-all-over-justice-kirby/.Google Scholar
Svensson, Lennart. 2010. “Professions, Organizations, Collegiality and Accountability.” In Sociology of Professions: Continental and Anglo-Saxon Traditions, edited by Evetts, Julia and Svensson, Lennart, 145–66. Götenburg: Daidalos.Google Scholar
SWAPO (South West-African Peoples’ Organization). 2004. Election Manifesto, 2004: Swapo’s Plan Of Action For Peace, Unity and Sustainable Development SWAPO Party. Windhoek, Namibia: SWAPO Party National Election Committee.Google Scholar
Tate, Neal, and Vallinder, Torbjörn eds. 1995. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Tebbutt, Pat. 2016. Judge Pat Tebbutt Remembers: A Life Spiced with Variety. Hermanus, South Africa: Footprints Press.Google Scholar
The Times . 2021. “Sir Jeremiah Harman Obituary.” March 13.Google Scholar
Tjombe, Norman. 2008. “Appointing Acting Judges to the Namibian Bench: A Useful System or a Threat to the Independence of the Judiciary?” In The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia, edited by Horn, Nico and Bösl, Anton, 229–42. Windhoek, Namibia: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.Google Scholar
Tshosa, Onkemetse. 2009. “Judicial Protection of Human Rights in Botswana and the Role of International Human Rights Law.” In The Judicial Protection of Human Rights in Botswana, edited by Quansah, Emmanuel and Binchy, William, 6187. Dublin: Clarus.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1985. “Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary.” https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/IndependenceJudiciary.aspx.Google Scholar
Van Zyl Smit, Jan. 2015. The Appointment, Tenure and Removal of Judges under Commonwealth Principles: A Compendium and Analysis of Best Practice. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.Google Scholar
Van Zyl Smit, Jan. 2017. “‘Opening up’ Commonwealth Judicial Appointments to Diversity? The Growing Role of Commissions in Judicial Selection.” In Debating Judicial Appointments in an Age of Diversity, edited by Gee, Graham and Rackley, Erika, 6082. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varol, Ozan, Pellegrina, Lucia Dalla, and Garoupa, Nuno. 2017. “An Empirical Analysis of Judicial Transformation in Turkey.” American Journal of Comparative Law 65, no. 1: 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venice Commission. 2007. Judicial Appointments. Report adopted by the Venice Commission at its 70th Plenary Session, Venice, March 16–17. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD%282007%29028-e.Google Scholar
Verheul, Susanne. 2021. “From ‘Defending Sovereignty’ to ‘Fighting Corruption’: The Political Place of Law in Zimbabwe after November 2017.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2: 189203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volcansek, Mary. 2009. “Exporting the Missouri Plan: Judicial Appointment Commissions.” Missouri Law Review 74, no. 3: 783800.Google Scholar
Volcansek, Mary. 2011. “Judicial Elections and American Exceptionalism: A Comparative Perspective.” DePaul Law Review 60: 805–20.Google Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 2005. “The Problem of Judicial Control in Africa’s Neopatrimonial Democracies: Malawi and Zambia.” Political Science Quarterly 120, no. 2: 275301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 2009. Judicial Politics in New Democracies: Cases from Southern Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 2012. “Legal Complexes and the Fight for Political Liberalism in New African Democracies.” In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, edited by Halliday, Terence, Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, 455–90. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisfelder, Richard. 2015. “Free Elections and Political Instability in Lesotho.” Journal of African Elections 12, no. 2: 5080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werbner, Pnina. 2014. The Making of an African Working Class: Politics, Law, and Cultural Protest in the Manual Workers’ Union of Botswana. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Werbner, Pnina. 2021. “Legal Consciousness Compared: the Case of Botswana.” AllegraLab Webinar, February 23. https://allegralaboratory.net/legal-consciousness-compared-the-case-of-botswana/.Google Scholar
Werbner, Richard. 2004. Reasonable Radicals and Citizenship in Botswana: The Public Anthropology of Kalanga Elites. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Woodhouse, Diana. 2007. “United Kingdom: The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 – Defending Judicial Independence the English Way.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 5, no. 1: 153–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar