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International Public Finance and the Rise of Brazil: Comparing Brazil's Use of Regionalism with Its Unilateralism and Bilateralism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

John Henderson
Affiliation:
York University
Stephen Clarkson
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
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Abstract

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Within the extensive literature on international regionalism, the more limited academic work done on regional financial organizations (RFOs) tends to assume that, by pooling resources to address such common international economic issues as development funding and financial crises, RFOs contribute to economic stability in their parts of the global landscape. Although South America has led the pack in creating such RFOs, their effectiveness is limited by the asymmetry in economic heft of the continent's governments. Rather than weighing the significance of financial regionalism in South America from the point of view of the majority, we assess whether and how this phenomenon has contributed to Brazil's politico-economic rise to near-major-power standing on the world stage in the twenty-first century. Drawing on extensive interviews with Brazilian officials conducted in March 2013, we analyze three instances of South America's international public finance: development lending, crisis lending, and payment systems. Our findings suggest that self-generated unilateral and bilateral financial initiatives have brought Brasília far more significant economic and political results than have RFOs, whose various incarnations have yielded the continental giant few economic and only minor political gains.

Resumen

Resumen

Dentro de la extensa literatura sobre economía política y regionalismo internacional, encontramos una serie de trabajos más especializados que se centran en las organizaciones financieras regionales (OFRs). Estos trabajos tienden a asumir que las OFRs contribuyen a la estabilidad económica en sus zonas respectivas, dando por sentado que pueden poner en un fondo común los recursos de sus miembros para afrontar desafíos económicos tales como el financiamiento para el desarrollo y crisis financieras. Sin embargo, por lo general la distribución del poder entre los miembros de tales instituciones no es simétrica, pues la mayoría de las regiones cuentan con un gigante que persigue intereses económicos y políticos que se diferencian de los de sus vecinos más débiles. A pesar de que América del Sur ha sido pionera en la creación de OFRs, la asimetría en el poder económico de los estados miembros limita las capacidades efectivas de tales organizaciones. Por lo que en lugar de evaluar el significado del regionalismo financiero en América del Sur desde el punto de vista de la mayoría de sus gobiernos, nuestro objetivo es destacar en qué medida las OFRs han contribuido a la emergencia económica y política de Brasil como poder imponente en la escena global del siglo XXI. Con base en numerosas entrevistas con oficiales brasileños, llevadas a cabo en el mes de marzo de 2013, analizamos tres aspectos de las finanzas públicas a nivel internacional en América del Sur: préstamos para el desarrollo, préstamos para las crisis, y sistemas de pago. Nuestros hallazgos indican que las iniciativas financieras —unilaterales y bilaterales— generadas por Brasilia le han aportado resultados económicos y políticos significativos, mientras que las ventajas económicas y políticas aportadas por las OFRs han sido muy escazas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Latin American Studies Association

Footnotes

The five days of fieldwork for our research in Brasília during March 2013 were made possible by generous assistance from both the Faculty of Arts and Science and Trinity College at the University of Toronto. The authors would like to thank those Brazilian officials, scholars, and experts whom we list in the appendix for their comments and insights, along with our colleagues Louis Pauly and Scott Aquanno at the University of Toronto and Carlos de Resende at the International Monetary Fund for their helpful responses to our text during its development.

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