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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2022
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Util y amena ha sido la lectura del trabajo de Jorge E. Hardoy y Carmen Aranovich, “Escalas y funciones urbanas de América Hispánica hacia 1600, Un ensayo metodológico.” Un valioso y sugestivo intento de mensurar el origen de la historia urbana del continente, por lo menos en cuanto a una caracterización de magnitudes y un delineamiento de las más importantes funciones del fenómeno urbano en América.
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- Copyright © 1970 by the University of Texas Press
References
NOTES
1. See, for example, Hubert M. Blalock, Social Statistics, 273-358 (New York, 1960), and especially his list of references for correlational analysis. See also M. J. Hagood and D. O. Price, Statistics for Sociologists (New York, 1952), 405-472.
2. James Lockhart, Spanish Peru, 1532-1560. A Colonial Society, (Madison, 1968), 5-6; Ralph A. Gakenheimer, “The Peruvian City of the Sixteenth Century,” The Urban Explosion in Latin America, Glenn H. Beyer, ed. (Ithaca, 1967).
3. The biographical notes concerning Vázquez de Espinosa's activities in America are found in Charles Upson Clark's introduction to the 1948 edition. Alberto Tauro, in the introduction to a new edition of Enrique Torres Saldamando's Apuntes históricos sobre las encomiendas en el Perú (Lima, 1967), uses Vázquez de Espinosa's figures for 1625. George Kubler, in “The Quechua in the Colonial World,” Handbook of South American Inlians, 2:331-410 (Washington, 1946), assumes a new census was taken in 1628. Gunter Völlmer uses the Vázquez de Espinosa figures for 1615; see “Bevölkerungspolitik und Bevolkeringsstruktur im Vizchönigreich Peru zu Ende der Kolonialzeit, 1741-1821,” Ph.D. diss., University of Köln, 1965. The problem of using Vázquez de Espinosa data can be seen from the following illustrations: Vázquez de Espinosa lists the encomienda of Cabana with 623 tributaries whereas this was the number counted during the visita general of Francisco de Toledo in the 1570s. See Archivo General de Indias, Contaduría 1786.
4. Gakenheimer, “The Peruvian City,” 36-43, states that the main functions of the colonial city were based on the interest of the crown in urbanization; the urban nature of the Spanish people; the need for a center of religious indoctrination; for military occupation; to open up new agricultural land; for political jurisdiction; for the exploitation of mineral resources; for port cities or way stations; for a means of personal advancement; and for a source of income for those colonists without livelihood. Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City (New York, 1960), 87, states that early cities served four main functions: political (administrative and military), economic, religious, and educational.
5. Gakenheimer, “The Peruvian City,” 45.
6. Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, 88.
7. I assume that Hardoy and Aranovich use the formula where x is the total number of vecinos and y is the total number of hospitals. I further assume that they found the “slope of the angle of minimum quadratic regression” by the formula for the regression equation: yc =ayX + bxyX where and. N equals the number of samples. See Hagood and Price, Statistics for Sociologists, 411-419.
8. Lockhart, Spanish Peru, 269-271. Guillermo Lohmann Villena, “Apuntaciones sobre el curso de los precios de los artículos de primera necesidad en Lima durante el siglo XVI,” Revista Histórica, 29 (Lima, 1966).
9. Good data of this nature exist in the Archivo Nacional of Peru and the Archivo Histórico del Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio in Lima. More limited information exists in provincial archives. Notarial records are perhaps the most complete.
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