Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T05:08:12.673Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Strategic Uses of Women’s Rights: Backlash, Rights-based Framing, and Anti-Gender Campaigns in Colombia’s 2016 Peace Agreement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2021

Elizabeth S. Corredor Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth S. Corredor [Opens in a new window]
Elizabeth S. Corredor*
Affiliation:
Elizabeth S. Corredor is a postdoctoral fellow at Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. elizabeth.corredor@ryerson.ca.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines organized opposition to feminist and LGBTI political projects in Colombia. Although there is a large body of literature on feminist movements and a growing literature on LGBTI movements, there is little research on resistance to them. Through an intersectional feminist lens, this study analyzes the “anti-gender” campaign organized against the gender perspective in Colombia’s 2016 peace agreement to demonstrate the limitations of backlash theory and certain normative understandings of human rights. In contrast to assumptions that backlash is predetermined, the study demonstrates that the anti-gender mobilization against the peace agreement was circumstantial rather than inevitable. To highlight the productive nature of backlash, it traces how opponents employed human rights rhetoric to establish an alternative present and promote an imagined future rooted in exclusion and repression. In addition, it shows that mobilized backlash against feminist and LGBTI movements does not necessarily decelerate or reverse the respective movements’ agendas.

Keywords

Colombiapeace processesanti-genderbacklashwomenLGBTIResolution 1325plebiscitehuman rights
Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 63 , Special Issue 3: The Grassroots Right in Latin America , August 2021 , pp. 46 - 68
Copyright
© The Author, 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the University of Miami

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abrams, Kathryn. 2011. Emotions in the Mobilization of Rights. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 46: 551–89.Google Scholar
Alzamora, Revoredo, Oscar, Bishop. 2003. An Ideology of Gender: Dangers and Scope. In Lexicon: Ambiguous and Debatable Terms Regarding Family Life and Ethical Questions, ed. Council, Pontifical for the Family. Front Royal, VA: Human Life International. 465–82.Google Scholar
Anić, Jadranka Rebeka. 2015. Gender, Gender “Ideology,” and Cultural War: Local Consequences of a Global Idea–Croatian Example. Feminist Theology 24, 1: 7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Mendoza, Laura. 2019. Legal Adviser for Gender and Gender Violence, Lawyers Without Borders Author interview. Bogotá, June 18.Google Scholar
Beltrán, William Mauricio, and Jesús, David Quiroga. 2017. Pentecostalismo y política electoral en Colombia (1991–2014). Colombia Internacional 91: 187–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biroli, Flávia. 2016. Political Violence Against Women in Brazil: Expressions and Definitions. Direito e Práxis 7, 15: 557–89.Google Scholar
Blee, Kathleen M., and Creasap, Kimberly A.. 2010. Conservative and Right-Wing Movements. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 269–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, Merike, Ewig, Christina, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. 2017. The Reactive Left: Gender Equality and the Latin American Pink Tide. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 24, 7 (December): 345–69.Google Scholar
Bob, Clifford. 2013. The Global Right Wing and Theories of Transnational Advocacy. International Spectator 48, 4 (December): 71–85.Google Scholar
Bob, Clifford. 2019. Rights as Weapons: Instruments of Conflict, Tools of Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bouvier, Virginia M. 2016. Gender and the Role of Women in Colombia’s Peace Process. New York: UN Women, March 4. https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/women-colombia-peace-process-en.pdf?la=en&vs=17 Google Scholar
Browne, Victoria. 2013. Backlash, Repetition, Untimeliness: The Temporal Dynamics of Feminist Politics. Hypatia 28, 4: 905–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caracol Radio. 2016. Grupos de mujeres están satisfechas con el enfoque de género del nuevo acuerdo. November 11. https://caracol.com.co/radio/2016/11/15/nacional/1479174863_588883.html Google Scholar
Carrillo Santarelli, Nicolás. 2017. La influencia artística de las emociones y la empatía en el contenido, la interpretación y la efectividad del derecho internacional. Anuario mexicano de derecho internacional 17: 65–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, Mary Ann. 2019. Trans Formations in the Vatican’s War on Gender Ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 44, 3: 639–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaño, Díaz, Edgar, Sandra Liliana Palacios, and Pablo, Moreno. 2016. Propuesta de ajuste de los acuerdos de paz entre el gobierno nacional y las FARC-EP por parte de la iglesia evangélica de Colombia. October 13. https://docplayer.es/74076357-Ref-propuesta-de-ajuste-de-los-acuerdos-de-paz-entre-el-gobierno-nacional-y-las-farc-ep-por-parte-de-la-iglesia-evangelica-de-colombia.html Google Scholar
Castañeda, W. 2019. Executive Director, Caribe Affirmativo. Author interview. Bogotá, July 12.Google Scholar
Cespedes-Baez, Lina M. 2017. Gender Panic and the Failure of a Peace Agreement. American Journal of International Law 110 (January 20): 183–87.Google Scholar
Cespedes-Baez, Lina M., and Ruiz, Felipe Jaramillo. 2018. “Peace Without Women Does Not Go!” Women’s Struggle for Inclusion in Colombia’s Peace Process with the FARC. Colombia Internacional 94: 83–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, Paul A. 2013. The Ambiguities of Human Rights in Colombia: Reflections on a Moral Crisis. Latin American Perspectives 192, 5 (September): 118–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaparro González, Nina, and Osorio, Margarita Martínez. 2016. Negociando desde los márgenes: la participación política de las mujeres en los procesos de paz en Colombia (1982–2016). Ideas para construir la paz. Bogotá: Dejusticia, December.Google Scholar
Cockburn, Cynthia. 1998. The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Col-FARC-EP. 2016a. Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera. August 24. https://www.urnadecristal.gov.co/sites/default/files/acuerdo-final-habana.pdf Google Scholar
Col-FARC-EP. 2016b. Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera. November 24. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/Colombia%20Nuevo%20Acuerdo%20Final%2024%20Nov%202016_0.pdf Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2019. The Expansion of LGBT Rights in Latin America and the Backlash. In The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics, ed. Michael, J. Bosia, Sandra, M. McEnvoy, and Momin Rahman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corredor, Elizabeth S. 2019. Unpacking Gender Ideology and the Global Right’s Antigender Countermovement. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 44, 3 (Spring): 613–38.Google Scholar
Corredor, Elizabeth S. Forthcoming. Conservative Anti-Gender Mobilizations in Colombia. In The Right Against Rights: Anti-Rights Movements in Contemporary Latin America. Google Scholar
Cumbre Nacional, de Mujeres y Paz. 2013. Sistematización de la cumbre nacional de las mujeres y paz. Bogotá: Cumbre Nacional de Mujeres y Paz.Google Scholar
De la Calle, Humberto. 2019. Revelaciones al final de una guerra: testimonio del jefe negociador del gobierno colombiano en la Habana. Bogotá: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Blanco, María, Elvia. 2020. Nosotros también: sentimientos queer y políticas de odio amoroso hacia la adopción igualitaria en Colombia. LASA Forum 51, 2 (April): 37–41.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Jack, and Whelan, Daniel J.. 2018. International Human Rights. 5th ed. Boulder: Westview Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duque Daza, Javier. 2010. Las comunidades religiosas protestantes y su tránsito hacia lo político-electoral en Colombia, 1990–2007. Revista Mexicana de Sociología 72, 1 (January– March): 73–111.Google Scholar
El Espectador (Bogotá). 2016. La carta con la que colegios e iglesias se oponen a la corte por temas LGBTI. August 5. https://www.elespectador.com/colombia/mas-regiones/la-carta-con-la-que-colegios-e-iglesias-se-oponen-a-la-corte-por-temas-lgbti-article-647547 Google Scholar
Faludi, Susan. 1991. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar
Fassin, Éric. 2016. Gender and the Problem of Universals: Catholic Mobilizations and Sexual Democracy in France. Religion and Gender 6, 2: 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faur, Eleonor, and Mara, Viveros Vigoya. 2020. La ofensiva conservadora contra la ideología de género y sus estrategias de avanzada en América Latina. LASA Forum 51, 2 (April).Google Scholar
Feldmann, Andreas E. 2019. Colombia’s Polarizing Peace Efforts. In Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization, ed. Carothers, Thomas and O’Donohue, Andrew. Washington, DC: Institution, Brookings. Chap. 6.Google Scholar
Forsythe, David P. 2000. Human Rights in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay, ed. 2019. Seeking Rights from the Left: Gender, Sexuality, and the Latin American Pink Tide. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garbagnoli, Sara. 2016. Against the Heresy of Immanence: Vatican’s “Gender” as a New Rhetorical Device Against the Denaturalization of the Sexual Order. Religion and Gender 6, 2: 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmour, Andrew. 2018. The Global Backlash Against Human Rights. Lecture given at University of California, Berkeley and McGeorge School of Law, Sacramento, March 12 and 13. United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23202&LangID=E Google Scholar
Graff, Agnieszka. 2014. Report from the Gender Trenches: War Against “Genderism” in Poland. European Journal of Women’s Studies 21, 4: 431–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, Jamie J. 2017. Queering Women, Peace and Security in Colombia. Critical Studies on Security 5, 1: 125–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkesworth, Mary E. 2006. Globalization and Feminist Activism. New York: Rowan and Littlefield.Google Scholar
El Heraldo (Bogotá). 2016. “La ministra Parody miente,” dice Alejandro Ordóñez. August 9. https://www.elheraldo.co/nacional/la-ministra-parody-miente-dice-alejandro-ordonez-277191 Google Scholar
Hogan, Linda. 2015. Conflicts Within the Roman Catholic Church. In The Oxford Handbook of Theology, Sexuality and Gender, ed. Thatcher, Adrian. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chap. 20.Google Scholar
Hoyos, Castañeda, Ilva, Myriam. 2016. El “enfoque de género” en el acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera. Las 2 Orillas (Bogotá), September 7. www.las2orillas.co/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ENFOQUE-DE-GE%CC%81NERO-EN-ACUERDO-FINAL-LA-HABANA.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jordan, Ana. 2016. Conceptualizing Backlash: (UK) Men’s Rights Groups, Anti-Feminism, and Postfeminism. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 28, 1: 18–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korolczuk, Elżbieta, and Agnieszka, Graff. 2018. Gender as Ebola from Brussels: The Anticolonial Frame and the Rise of Illiberal Populism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 43, 4: 797–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2015. Empowerment Versus Backlash: Gender Quotas and Critical Mass Theory. Politics, Groups, and Identities 3, 1 (January 26): 184-88.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2017. Women as Political Leaders: Snapshots of Violence, Resistance, and Backlash. Paper presented at the conference Resisting Women’s Political Leadership: Theories, Data, Solutions, Rutgers University, May 22-26.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena, and Juliana, Restrepo-Sanín. 2019. The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment Against Female Politicians. Perspectives on Politics 17, 2 (July 2): 1-16.Google Scholar
Kuhar, Roman, and David, Paternotte, eds. 2017. Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing Against Equality. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Lucio, Juan Fernando, Conor Seyle, D., and Amling, Alexandra. 2019. Did Colombians Really Say “No” to Peace? A Grassroots Peace Activism Versus Top-Down. In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace, ed. Kulnazarova, Aigul and Popovski, Vesselin. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 299–318.Google Scholar
Manrique, Rueda, Gabriela, and Samuel Tanner. 2016. To Prevent the Existence of People Dedicated to “Causing Trouble”: Dirty Work, Social Control, and Paramilitaries in Colombia. British Journal of Criminology 56, 1: 87–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane, and Shames, Shauna L.. 2008. Toward a Theory of Backlash: Dynamic Resistance and the Central Role of Power. Politics and Gender 4, 4 (November 25): 623–34.Google Scholar
Marcos, Ana. 2016. Unas falsas cartillas sobre educación sexual culminan en marchas en defensa de la familia en Colombia. El País (Bogotá), August 10. https://elpais.com/inter-nacional/2016/08/10/colombia/1470835286_954924.html Google Scholar
Mayer, Stefanie, Ajanovic, Edma, and Sauer, Birgit. 2014. Intersections and Inconsistencies: Framing Gender in Right-Wing Populist Discourses in Austria. NORA–Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 22, 4: 250–66.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Rory. 2009 . The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics. University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Millán-Hernández, Juanita. 2020. Navy Lieutenant; Member of the Gender Subcommission. Author interview. Bogotá, May 29.Google Scholar
Ministerio de, Educación, Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, UNDP, and UNICEF. 2016 . Ambientes escolares libres de discriminación. Orientaciones sexuales e identidades de género no hegemónicas en la escuela. Aspectos para la reflexión. Bogotá: Ministerio de Educación Nacional. Google Scholar
Moreno, Pablo. 2016. Colombian Evangelicals and the Debate After the Peace Agreement: We Should Be More Careful When Pointing to the Evangelical Churches of Colombia as the Promoters of the Evangelical Focus. Blog post. Evangelical Focus, October 22. https://evangelicalfocus.com/features/2055/pablo-moreno-colombian-evangelicals-and-the-debate-after-the-peace-agreement Google Scholar
Murib, Zein. 2020. Backlash, Intersectionality, and Trumpism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, 2 (Winter): 295–302.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Cheryl, and Shannon, Drysdale Walsh. 2020. Women’s Rights and Opposition: Explaining the Stunted Rise and Sudden Reversals of Progressive Violence Against Women Policies in Contentious Contexts. Journal of Latin American Studies 52, 1: 107–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oficina del Alto, Comisión para la Paz (Office of the High Commissioner for Peace, OHCP). 2016a. Comunicado conjunto #82. July 24.Google Scholar
Oficina del Alto, Comisión para la Paz (Office of the High Commissioner for Peace, OHCP). 2016b. Sistematización opciones y propuestas voceros del No y lo acordado en elnuevo acuerdo. November 29.Google Scholar
Ortega, Bibiana. 2018. Political Participation of Evangelicals in Colombia, 1990–2017. Politics and Religion 12, 1: 17–53.Google Scholar
Paarlberg-Kvam, Kate. 2018. What’s to Come Is More Complicated: Feminist Visions of Peace in Colombia. International Feminist Journal of Politics 21, 2 (July 12): 1–30.Google Scholar
Pardo, Héctor. 2019. Pastor, President of the Confederation of Religious Freedom, Consciousness, and Worship. Author Interview. Bogotá, June 14.Google Scholar
Paternotte, David. 2020. Backlash: A Misleading Narrative. Blog post. Engenderings, March 30. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2020/03/30/backlash-a-misleading-narrative Google Scholar
Peck, James. 2011. Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-Opted Human Rights. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Piscopo, Jennifer M., and Denise M. Walsh. 2020. Backlash and the Future of Feminism: Introduction. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, 2: 265–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puechguirbal, Nadine. 2010. Discourses on Gender, Patriarchy and Resolution 1325: A Textual Analysis of UN Documents. International Peacekeeping 17, 2 (April 23): 172–87.Google Scholar
Restrepo, Luis Alberto M. 2001. The Equivocal Dimensions of Human Rights in Colombia. In Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace, ed. Bergquist, Charles, Peñaranda, Ricardo, and Gonzalo Sánchez, G. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources. 95–126.Google Scholar
Restrepo-Sanín, Juliana. 2020. Violence Against Women in Politics: Latin America in an Era of Backlash. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, 1: 302–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, Claudia, Eduardo, Cañas, Hector, Pardo, and Jhon Milton, . 2016. Open letter. Pacto Cristiano por la Paz. Reproduced in Pastrana, cristianos y conservadores discrepan de gobierno por nuevo acuerdo. Debate Periódico, November 21. http://peri-odicodebate.com/index.php/nacion/politica/item/13384-pastrana-cristianos-y-conser-vadores-discrepan-de-gobierno-por-nuevo-acuerdo Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Rondón, Manuel Alejandro. 2017. La ideología de género como exceso: pánico moral y decisión ética en la política colombiana. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad 27 (December): 128–8.Google Scholar
Rowley, Michelle V. 2020. Anything but Reactionary: Exploring the Mechanics of Backlash. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, 2: 278–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruibal, Alba. 2014. Movement and Counter-Movement: A History of Abortion Law Reform and the Backlash in Colombia, 2006–2014. Reproductive Health Matters 22, 44: 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffon, María Paula, and Rodrigo, Uprimny. 2007. Uses and Abuses of Transitional Justice in Colombia. Dejusticia, July 1. https://www.dejusticia.org/en/uses-and-abuses-of-tran-sitional-justice-in-colombia.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Marcela. 2018. Executive Director, Colombia Diversa. Author interview. Bogotá, December 19.Google Scholar
Santos, Juan Manuel. 2016a. Alocución del presidente Juan Manuel Santos sobre nuevo acuerdo de paz. Cancellería de Colombia, November 12. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/newsroom/news/alocucion-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-nuevo-acuerdo-paz Google Scholar
Santos, Juan Manuel. 2016b. Declaración sobre el nuevo Acuerdo de Paz tras reunirse con el jefe del equipo negociador y con el ministro del interior. November 19. In Biblioteca del proceso de paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y las FARC-EP, vol. 8, De la refrendación al acuerdo del colón, ed. Oficina del Alto Comisión para la Paz. Bogotá: Presidencia de la República de Colombia. 204–6. https://www.jep.gov.co/Sala-de-Prensa/Documents/tomo-8-pro-ceso-paz-farc-refrendacion-plebiscito-.pdf Google Scholar
Santos, Juan Manuel. 2019. La batalla por la paz. Bogotá: Planeta.Google Scholar
Schlenker, Juana, and Iturralde, Manuel A.. 2006. El uso del discurso de los derechos humanos por parte de los actores armados en Colombia: ¿humanización del conflicto o estrategia de guerra? Análisis Político 56 (January–March): 29–50.Google Scholar
Schneiker, Andrea. 2019.The New Defenders of Human Rights? How Radical Right-Wing TNGOs Are Using the Human Rights Discourse to Promote Their Ideas. Global Society 33, 2: 149–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Semana.com. 2016a. “Lo que he tratado es de abrirles los ojos a los colombianos”: Alejandro Ordóñez. September 25. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/alejandro-ordonez-habla-del-proceso-de-paz-el-gobierno-santos-la-ideologia-de-genero-y-el-plebiscito/495287/ Google Scholar
Semana.com. 2016b. ¿Qué pasó con la ideología de género? November 13. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/nuevo-acuerdo-de-paz-la-ideologia-de-generoe/505348/ Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Rev. and updated 3d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tate, Winifred. 2007. Counting the Dead: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights Activism in Colombia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tickner, J. Ann. 2002. Feminist Perspectives on 9/11. International Studies Perspectives 3, 4: 333–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El, Tiempo (Bogotá). 2016. Cartilla sobre discriminación sexual en colegios dividió al país. August 14. https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/educacion/cartillas-sobre-diversidad-sexual-en-colegios-genera-debate-en-colombia-39931 Google Scholar
Townsend-Bell, Erica. 2020. Backlash as the Moment of Revelation. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, 2: 287–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. 2002. Gender Mainstreaming: An Overview. Report. New York: United Nations. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/e65237.pdf Google Scholar
Women, UN. 2018. 100 medidas que incorporan la perspectiva de género en el acuerdo de paz entre el gobierno de Colombia y las FARC-EP para terminar el conflicto y construir una paz estable y duradera. Report. www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20colombia/documentos/publicaciones/2017/10/internas%20farc-ep.pdf?la=es&vs=4845 Google Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2011. When Protest Makes Policy: How Social Movements Represent Disadvantaged Groups. University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whal, Rachel. 2017. Just Violence: Torture and Human Rights in the Eyes of the Police. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Melissa S. 1998. Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar