Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-qks25 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-16T12:12:55.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Universal Citizenship Through the Discourse and Policy of Rafael Correa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Jeffrey D. Pugh*
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Boston. jeffrey.pugh@umb.edu

Abstract

This article investigates political opportunities and constraints associated with incorporating the concept of universal citizenship into migration debates. Analyzing the speeches of Ecuador's president Rafael Correa over eight years, the article argues that Correa strategically crafted a narrative of universal citizenship to undergird politically beneficial policies. Political constraints from constituents and rivals, and the populist nature of his governing style, hollowed out progressive migration policy innovations to the point that universal citizenship became a rhetorical device more than a substantive policy agenda. Through this empirical case, the article develops a more nuanced critical understanding of universal citizenship discourses as sites for negotiating the relationship between states and migrants.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR). 2010. Tilda de ejemplo la iniciativa del Ecuador para formalizar la situación de refugiados colombianos. Reuters/EuropaPress, April 6.Google Scholar
ACNUR/Instituto de la Ciudad. 2014. Perfiles urbanos de población colombiana en Quito: principales resultados y recomendaciones. UNHCR Report.Google Scholar
Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Arcentales Illescas, Javier. 2017. Las malas noticias de la Ley de Movilidad Humana. Plan V, February 20.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar
Asamblea Nacional de la República del Ecuador. 2017. Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana. Registro Oficial 938, Suplemento. February 6.Google Scholar
Balyk, Lana, and Pugh, Jeff. 2013. Governance Networks in Ecuador's Border Region. Forced Migration Review 43: 4749.Google Scholar
Bigo, Didier. 2002. Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease. Alternatives 27: 6392.Google Scholar
Borman, Randy. 2012. President of the Cofan Survival Fund. Author interview. Quito, May 31.Google Scholar
Bosniak, Linda. 2000. Universal Citizenship and the Problem of Alienage. Northwestern University Law Review 94, 3: 963–84.Google Scholar
Bosniak, Linda. 2006. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1997. Sovereign Performatives in the Contemporary Sense of Utterances. Critical Inquiry 22, 3: 366–67.Google Scholar
Carens, Joseph. 2013. The Ethics of Immigration. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carreño Malaver, Ángela María. 2014. Refugiados colombianos en Venezuela: quince años en búsqueda de protección. Memorias 10, 24: 98–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrión, Fernando, ed. 2013. Asimetrías en la frontera Ecuador-Colombia: entre la complementariedad y el sistema. Quito: FLACSO.Google Scholar
Cebulko, Kara. 2014. Documented, Undocumented, and Liminally Legal: Legal Status During the Transition to Adulthood for 1.5-Generation Brazilian Immigrants. Sociological Quarterly 55: 143–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerbino, Mauro, Maluf, Varcia, and Ramos, Isabel. 2016. Los enlaces ciudadanos del Presidente Rafael Correa: entre la exaltación del pueblo y el combate a los medios. Quito: FLACSO.Google Scholar
China International News. 2011. Desvincula Correa repunte delictivo de política de fronteras abiertas. February 12. http://spanish.china.org.cn/international/txt/2011-02/12/content_21903425.htm. Accessed January 30, 2016.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2006. Discurso del candidato a la Presidencia de la República del Ecuador Rafael Correa durante la presentación de la Política de Migración. Speech. Quito, October 9. http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/discursos. Accessed April 15, 2015.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2007a. Discurso del Presidente de la República en presentación del Plan Ecuador. Speech. Quito, April 24.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2007b. Discurso natalicio libertador Simón Bolívar. Speech. Guayaquil, July 24.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2008. Intervención presidencial en el 128o Aniversario de la Provincialización del Carchi. Speech. Tulcán, November 19.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2009. Intervención Presidente de la Republica, Rafael Correa ante la Comisión Legislativa en el segundo año de gobierno. Speech. Quito, January 15.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2010. Rendición de cuentas en la Asamblea Nacional, Speech. Quito, August 10.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2011. Intervención del Presidente de la Republica, Rafael Correa en la posesión de autoridades. Speech. Quito, November 10.Google Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2015. Discurso del Presidente Rafael Correa en la VII Cumbre de las Americas. Speech. Panama City, Panama, April 11.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, Monisha. 2006. Unruly Immigrants: Rights, Activism, and Transnational South Asian Politics in the United States. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
De la Torre, Carlos. 2017. Populist Citizenship in the Bolivarian Revolutions. Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies 1, 1: 4–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Torre, Carlos, and Striffler, Steve, eds. 2008. The Ecuador Reader. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Dowty, Alan. 1987. Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
El Espectador (Bogotá). 2012. Correa pide a colombianos rechazar ser vinculados con delincuencia en Ecuador. June 2.Google Scholar
Flores, Fernando. 2014. Director, Migrant Protection Unit, Vice Ministry of Human Mobility. Author interview. Quito, July 17.Google Scholar
Gibney, Matthew J. 2004. The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2007. Latin American Citizenship and Democratic Theory. In Citizenship in Latin America, ed. Tulchin, Joseph and Ruthenburg, Meg. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. 1156.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Levitsky, Steven. 2006. Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Herrera, Gioconda, Carrillo, María Cristina, and Torres, Alicia, eds. 2005. La migración ecuatoriana: transnacionalismo, redes e identidades. Quito: FLACSO.Google Scholar
Hoy (Quito). 2004. Seguridad y migración, “temas duros” de la reunión. October 17.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2013. Letter to President Correa on Refugee Rights. Washington, DC, June 20.Google Scholar
Jacome, Felipe. 2010. Former Protection Clerk in UNHCR field office, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Author interview. Washington, DC, July 6.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Larreategui, Paulina. 2017. Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Author interview via Skype. April 18.Google Scholar
Lee, Charles. 2008. Undocumented Workers' Subversive Citizenship Acts. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 20: 330–38.Google Scholar
Local Parish Official, Mompiche, Manabí Province. 2012. Author interview. Mompiche, Ecuador, May 25.Google Scholar
Madrid, Raúl. 2005. Ethnic Cleavages and Electoral Volatility in Latin America. Comparative Politics 38, 1: 1–20.Google Scholar
Martínez Novo, Carmen. 2016. El desmantelamiento del estado multicultural en el Ecuador. Ecuador Debate 97 (June): 3550.Google Scholar
McGrath, Ian. 2011. Enhanced Refugee Registration and Human Security in Northern Ecuador. UNHCR New Issues in Refugee Research series, Research paper no. 198. January. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4d887ad62.html. Accessed April 15, 2015.Google Scholar
Migration Policy Consultant. 2015. Author interview. Quito, June 30.Google Scholar
Miller, David. 2016. Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Montúfar, César. 2013. Rafael Correa and His Plebiscitary Citizens’ Revolution. In Latin American Populism in the Twenty-First Century, ed. de la Torre, Carlos and Arnson, Cynthia. Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center/Johns Hopkins University Press. 295322.Google Scholar
NGO and IGO officials. 2016. Briefing with author. Tulcán, Ecuador, June 11.Google Scholar
Ochoa, Paulina. 2016. Taking Place Seriously: Territorial Presence and the Rights of Immigrants. Journal of Political Philosophy 24, 1: 67–87.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2004. The Quality of Democracy: Why the Rule of Law Matters. Journal of Democracy 15, 4: 32–46.Google Scholar
Picq, Manuela Lavinas. 2016. El caminar de las manuelas. Critica Contemporánea: Revista de Teoría Política (December): 124–38.Google Scholar
Picq, Manuela Lavinas. 2017. Professor, Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Author telephone interview. March 10.Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey. 2008. Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia. Latin American Essays 21 (Summer): 4665.Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey. 2015. Redes de migrantes y refugiados en Ecuador: un estudio de Quito, Lago Agrio, Ibarra, y Esmeraldas. Quito: CEMPROC Ecuador.Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey. 2016. Peacebuilding Among Transnational Youth in Migrant-Receiving Border Regions of Ecuador. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 11, 3: 83–97.Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey. Forthcoming. Negotiating Identity and Belonging Through the Invisibility Bargain: Colombian Forced Migrants in Ecuador. International Migration Review. DOI:10.1111/imre.12344Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey. n.d. The Invisibility Bargain: Governance Networks and Migrant Human Security in Ecuador. Unpublished mss.Google Scholar
Pugh, Jeffrey, Sulewski, David, and Moreno, Julie. 2017. Adapting Community Mediation for Colombian Forced Migrants in Ecuador. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 34, 4: 409–30.Google Scholar
Rivera, Fredy. 2012. La seguridad perversa: política, democracia y derechos humanos en Ecuador, 1998–2006. Quito: FLACSO.Google Scholar
Roniger, Luis. 2017. Citizen-Victims and Masters of Their Own Destiny: Political Exiles and Their National and Transnational Impact. Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies 1, 1: 30–52.Google Scholar
Salazar, Daniela. 2015. Los migrantes presos en el país de la ciudadanía universal. Gkillcity.com 217 (August 17).Google Scholar
Sassen, Saskia. 1999. Guests and Aliens. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Soruco, Ximena, Piani, Georgina, and Rossi, Máximo. 2008. What Emigration Leaves Behind: The Situation of Emigrants and Their Families in Ecuador. Research Network Working Paper #R-542. Washington, DC: IADB.Google Scholar
Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
El Telégrafo (Quito). 2014. Correa pide a España eliminar el visado. April 25. http://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/politica/2/correa-pide-a-espana-eliminar-el-visado-galeria. Accessed June 25, 2017.Google Scholar
Tinoco, Tania. 2011. Fronteras abiertas. La República (Quito), June 29.Google Scholar
Ubidia Vásquez, Daniela. 2015. La inconstitucionalidad parcial del decreto 1182 sobre el derecho a solicitar refugio en el Ecuador: análisis y efectos. USFQ Law Review 2, 1 (September): 145–72.Google Scholar
Ulloa Tapia, César. 2013. Discurso político de los gobiernos bolivarianos. Cuestiones Políticas 29, 50: 96–119.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2016. Global Focus: Ecuador Planning Summary. February. http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2543. Accessed March 20, 2017.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1996. Ethics, National Sovereignty and the Control of Immigration. International Migration Review 30, 1 (Spring): 171–97.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 1989. Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship. Ethics 99, 2: 250–74.Google Scholar
Zepeda, Beatriz, and Carrión, Francisco. 2015. Las Américas y el mundo: Ecuador 2014. Quito: FLACSO.Google Scholar