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Magnetic field effect on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium at various fluences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2017

H. Iftikhar ,
S. Bashir ,
A. Dawood ,
M. Akram ,
A. Hayat ,
K. Mahmood ,
A. Zaheer ,
S. Amin  and
F. Murtaza
H. Iftikhar
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
S. Bashir*
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
A. Dawood
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
M. Akram
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
A. Hayat
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
K. Mahmood
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
A. Zaheer
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
S. Amin
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
F. Murtaza
Affiliation:
Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: S. Bashir, Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP), Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: shaziabashir@gcu.edu.pk
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Abstract

The effect of the transverse magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium (Ge) has been investigated at various fluences. Ge targets were exposed to Nd: YAG laser pulses (1064 nm, 10 ns, 1 Hz) at different fluences ranging from 3 to 25.6 J/cm2 to generate Ge plasma under argon environment at a pressure of 50 Torr. The magnetic field of strength 0.45 Tesla perpendicular to the direction of plasma expansion was employed by using two permanent magnets. The emission spectra of laser-induced Ge plasma was detected by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system. The electron temperature and number density of Ge plasma are evaluated by using the Boltzmann plot and stark broadening methods, respectively. The variations in emission intensity, electron temperature (Te), and number density (ne) of Germanium plasma are explored at various fluences, with and without employment of the magnetic field. It is observed that the magnetic field is responsible for significant enhancement of both excitation temperature and number density at all fluences. It is revealed that an excitation temperature increases from Te,max,without B = 16,190 to Te,max,with B = 20,123 K. Similarly, the two times enhancement in the electron density is observed from ne,max,without B = 2 × 1018 to ne,max,with B = 4 × 1018 cm−3. The overall enhancement in Ge plasma parameters in the presence of the magnetic field is attributed to the Joule heating effect and adiabatic compression. With increasing fluence both plasma parameters increase and achieve their maxima at a fluence of 12.8 J/cm2 and then decrease. In order to correlate the plasma parameters with surface modification, scanning electron microscope analysis of irradiated Ge was performed. Droplets and cones are formed for both cases. However, the growth of ridges and distinctness of features is more pronounced in case of the absence of the magnetic field; whereas surface structures become more diffusive in the presence of the magnetic field.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopyElectron temperatureNumber densityMagnetic confinementSurface structuring
Type
Research Article
Information
Laser and Particle Beams , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 159 - 169
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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