Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T03:12:17.287Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distance–decay patterns differ between canopy and ground ant assemblages in a tropical rainforest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 January 2021

Reuber Antoniazzi Open the ORCID record for Reuber Antoniazzi [Opens in a new window] ,
Arleu B. Viana-Junior ,
Jaime Pelayo-Martínez ,
Liliana Ortiz-Lozada ,
Frederico S. Neves ,
Maurice Leponce  and
Wesley Dáttilo
Reuber Antoniazzi*
Affiliation:
Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
Arleu B. Viana-Junior
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-530, Belém, Pará, Brazil
Jaime Pelayo-Martínez
Affiliation:
Servicios Especializados en Estudios Integrales Ambientales, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
Liliana Ortiz-Lozada
Affiliation:
Servicios Especializados en Estudios Integrales Ambientales, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
Frederico S. Neves
Affiliation:
Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Maurice Leponce
Affiliation:
Biodiversity Monitoring & Assessment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Wesley Dáttilo*
Affiliation:
Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
*
Author for correspondence: *Reuber Antoniazzi and Wesley Dáttilo, Email: reuberjunior@gmail.com; Wesley Dáttilo, Email: wesley.dattilo@inecol.mx
Author for correspondence: *Reuber Antoniazzi and Wesley Dáttilo, Email: reuberjunior@gmail.com; Wesley Dáttilo, Email: wesley.dattilo@inecol.mx
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Both decreases in compositional similarity with increasing geographic distances between sites (i.e. distance–decay relationship) and vertical stratification of species composition are key issues in ecology. However, the intersection between these two trends has scarcely been investigated. Here we use identical sampling methods in the canopy and at ground level in a tropical rainforest remnant on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to evaluate, for the first time, a distance–decay relationship within vertical strata in insect assemblages. We found that the ant assemblage was vertically stratified; ant species richness was higher at ground level than in the canopy, and the species composition differed between the two vertical strata. Moreover, we observed that β-diversity increased with geographic distance at ground level, but not in the canopy strata. However, contrary to our prediction, there was less species turnover (lower β-diversity) between vertical strata than between trees. These findings may reflect differences in the dispersal capacity and nest habit of ants from each vertical stratum, and also habitat heterogeneity on the horizontal scale, e.g. the species of sampled trees. Our results illustrate the importance of sampling more than one vertical stratum to understand the spatial distribution patterns of biological diversity in tropical rainforests.

Keywords

ant diversityarboreal antsbeta diversityhabitat-niche partitioningvertical stratificationspatial distribution
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Tropical Ecology , Volume 36 , Issue 5 , September 2020 , pp. 234 - 242
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature cited

Adams, ES (2016) Territoriality in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a review. Myrmecological News 23, 101–118.Google Scholar
Adams, BJ, Schnitzer, SA and Yanoviak, SP (2017) Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana-free trees in a Neotropical forest. Ecography 40, 1067–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, BJ, Schnitzer, SA and Yanoviak, SP (2019) Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large-scale experimental approach. Ecology 100, 1–11.Google Scholar
Antoniazzi, R, Garro, RNS, Dáttilo, W, Ribeiro, SP and Neves, FS (2019) Ant species richness and interactions in canopies of two distinct successional stages in a tropical dry forest. The Science of Nature 106, 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniazzi, R, García-Franco, J, Janda, M, Leponce, M and Dáttilo, W (2020a) Diurnal foraging ant–tree co-occurrence networks are similar between canopy and understorey in a Neotropical rain forest. Biotropica 52, 717–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniazzi, R, Ahuatzin, D, Pelayo-Martínez, J, Ortiz-Lozada, L, Leponce, M and Dáttilo, W (2020b) On the effectiveness of hand collection to complement baits when studying ant vertical stratification in tropical rainforests. Sociobiology 67, 213–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arruda, FV, Pesquero, MA, Marcelino, DG, Leite, GA, Delabie, JHC and Fagundes, R (2015) Size and condition of bamboo as structural factors behind the vertical stratification of the bamboo-nesting ant community. Insectes Sociaux 63, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccaro, FB, Feitosa, RM, Fernandez, F, Fernandes, IO, Izzo, TJ, Souza, JLP and Solar, R (2015) Guia para os gêneros de formigas do Brasil. Manaus: Editora INPA, 388 pp.Google Scholar
Baselga, A (2010) Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, 134–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baselga, A (2012) The relationship between species replacement, dissimilarity derived from nestedness, and nestedness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 1223–1232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baselga, A and Orme, CDL (2012) Betapart: an R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3, 808–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basham, EW and Scheffers, BR (2020) Vertical stratification collapses under seasonal shifts in climate. Journal of Biogeography 47, 1888–1898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basham, EW, Seidl, CM, Andriamahohatra, LR, Oliveira, BF, Scheffers, BR, Seidl, CM and Scheffers, BR (2018) Distance–decay differs among vertical strata in a tropical rainforest. Journal of Animal Ecology 88, 114–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basset, Y, Hammond, PM, Barrios, H, Holloway, JD and Miller, SE (2003) Vertical stratification of arthropod assemblages. In Basset, Y, Novotny, V, Miller, SE and Kitching, RL (eds), Arthropods of Tropical Forests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–27.Google Scholar
Basset, Y, Cizek, L, Cuénoud, P, Didham, RK, Novotny, V, Ødegaard, F, Roslin, T, Tishechkin, AK, Schmidl, J, Winchester, NN, Roubik, DW, Aberlenc, HP et al. (2015) Arthropod distribution in a tropical rainforest: tackling a four dimensional puzzle. PLoS ONE 10, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, D, Mächler, M, Bolker, B and Walker, S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, J, Holloway, JD and Schwanghart, W (2013) Undersampling and the measurement of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, 370–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, WW (1985) Amazon ant–plants. In Prance, GT and Lovejoy, TE (eds), Amazonia. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 239–266.Google Scholar
Bestelmeyer, BT, Agosti, D, Alonso, LE, Brandão, CRF, Brown, WL, Delabie, JHC and Silvestre, R (2000) Field techniques for the study of ground-dwelling ant: an overview, description, and evaluation. In Agosti, D, Majer, J, Alonso, LE and Schultz, TR (eds), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 122–144.Google Scholar
Bolker, BM, Brooks, ME, Clark, CJ, Geange, SW, Poulsen, JR, Stevens, MHH and White, JSS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton, B (2012) AntCat: An online catalog of the ants of the world. http://antcat.org.Google Scholar
Brokaw, NVL and Lent, RA (1999) Vertical structure. In Hunter, ML (ed.), Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 373–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, N (1993) The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, 153–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brühl, CA, Gunsalam, G and Linsenmair, KE (1998) Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, 285–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, RI, Vasconcelos, HL, Ribeiro, SP, Neves, FS and Soares, JP (2006) Relationship between tree size and insect assemblages associated with Anadenanthera macrocarpa . Ecography 29, 442–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, W and Schnitzer, S (2011) Tropical Forest Community Ecology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Chao, A, Gotelli, NJ, Hsieh, TC, Sander, EL, Ma, KH, Colwell, RK and Ellison, AM (2014) Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs 84, 45–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloudsley-Thompson, JL (2003) Microclimates and the distribution of terrestrial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 7, 199–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crist, TO, Veech, JA, Gering, JC and Summerville, KS (2003) Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions: a hierarchical analysis of α, β, and γ diversity. American Naturalist 162, 734–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dáttilo, W, Vizentin-Bugoni, J, Debastiani, VJ, Jordano, P and Izzo, TJ (2019) The influence of spatial sampling scales on ant-plant interaction network architecture. Journal of Animal Ecology 88, 903–914.Google ScholarPubMed
Dáttilo, W, Vásquez-Bolaños, M, Ahuatzin, DA, Antoniazzi, R, Chávez-González, E, Corro, E, Luna, P, Guevara, R, Villalobos, F, Madrigal-Chavero, R, Falcão, JCFF, Bonilla-Ramírez, A et al. (2020) Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic–Neotropical interface. Ecology 101, e02944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, DW (1998) Resource discovery versus resource domination in ants: a functional mechanism for breaking the trade-off. Ecological Entomology 23, 484–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dejean, A, Corbara, B, Orivel, J and Leponce, M (2007) Rainforest canopy ants: the implications of territoriality and predatory behavior. Functional Ecosystems and Communities 1, 105–120.Google Scholar
Dejean, A, Djiéto-Lordon, C, Céréghino, R and Leponce, M (2008) Ontogenetic succession and the ant mosaic: an empirical approach using pioneer trees. Basic and Applied Ecology 9, 316–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dejean, A, Compin, A, Delabie, JHC, Azémar, F, Corbara, B and Leponce, M (2019) Biotic and abiotic determinants of the formation of ant mosaics in primary Neotropical rainforests. Ecological Entomology 44, 560–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del-Claro, K, Rico-Gray, V, Torezan-Silingardi, HM, Alves-Silva, E, Fagundes, R, Lange, D, Dáttilo, W, Vilela, AA, Aguirre, A and Rodriguez-Morales, D (2016) Loss and gains in ant–plant interactions mediated by extrafloral nectar: fidelity, cheats, and lies. Insectes Sociaux 63, 207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devries, PJ, Murray, D and Lande, R (1997) Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a hit-feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rainforest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62, 343–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eguchi, K, Bui, TV and Yamane, S (2004) A preliminary study on foraging distance and nesting sites of ants in Indo-Chinese lowland vegetation (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology 43, 445–457.Google Scholar
Ellwood, MDF and Foster, WA (2004) Doubling the estimate of invertebrate biomass in a rainforest canopy. Nature 429, 549–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetcher, N, Oberbauer, SF and Strain, BR (1985) Vegetation effects on microclimate in lowland tropical forest in Costa Rica. International Journal of Biometeorology 29, 145–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, BL (2002) Antweb. http://www.antweb.org.Google Scholar
Fittkau, EJ and Klinge, H (1973) On biomass and trophic structure of the Central Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5, 2–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folgarait, PJ (1998) Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 1221–1244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrich, R and Philpott, SM (2009) Nest-site limitation and nesting resources of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban green spaces. Environmental Entomology 38, 600–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotelli, NJ, Ellison, AM, Dunn, RR and Sanders, NJ (2011) Counting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): biodiversity sampling and statistical analysis for myrmecologists. Myrmecological News 15, 13–19.Google Scholar
Gregorin, R, Bernard, E, Lobão, KW, Oliveira, LF, Machado, FS, Gil, BB and Tavares, VC (2017) Vertical stratification in bat assemblages of the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanisch, PE, Suarez, AV, Tubaro, PL and Paris, CI (2018) Co-occurrence patterns in a subtropical ant community revealed by complementary sampling methodologies. Environmental Entomology 47, 1402–1412.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Y, Morimoto, Y, Widodo, ES and Mohamed, M (2006) Vertical distribution pattern of ants in a Bornean tropical rainforest (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 47, 697–710.Google Scholar
Hirao, T, Murakami, M and Kashizaki, A (2009) Importance of the understory stratum to entomofaunal diversity in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecological Research 24, 263–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, TC, Ma, KH and Chao, A (2016) iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7, 1451–1456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimes, P (2017) Diversity and specificity of ant–plant interactions in canopy communities: Insights from primary and secondary tropical forests in New Guinea. In Oliveira, PS and Koptur, S (eds), Ant–plant Interactions: Impacts of Humans on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimes, P, Idigel, C, Rimandai, M, Fayle, TM, Janda, M, Weiblen, GD and Novotny, V (2012) Why are there more arboreal ant species in primary than in secondary tropical forests? Journal of Animal Ecology 81, 1103–1112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kost, C, DeOliveira, EG, Knoch, TA and Wirth, R (2005) Spatio-temporal permanence and plasticity of foraging trails in young and mature leaf-cutting ant colonies (Atta spp.). Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, 677–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, R (1996) Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos 76, 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, AC, Härdtle, W, Bruelheide, H, Kröber, W, Schröter, M, von Wehrden, H and von Oheimb, G (2012) Horizontal, but not vertical canopy structure is related to stand functional diversity in a subtropical slope forest. Ecological Research 27, 181–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, JT (2007) Ants of Costa Rica. Online Publication: http://ants.biology.utah.edu/AntsofCostaRica.html.Google Scholar
Longino, JT and Nadkarni, NM (1990) A comparison of ground and canopy leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a neotropical montane forest. Psyche 97, 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luque, GM and Reyes-López, J (2007) Effect of experimental small-scale spatial heterogeneity on resource use of a Mediterranean ground-ant community. Acta Oecologica 32, 42–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madigosky, SR (2004) Tropical microclimatic considerations. In Lowman, MD and Rinker, HB (eds), Forest Canopies. 2nd edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 24–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, T, Espiríto-Santo, MM, Neves, FS, Schoereder, JH, Espírito-Santo, MM, Neves, FS and Schoereder, JH (2017) Ant assemblage structure in a secondary tropical dry forest: the role of ecological succession and seasonality. Sociobiology 64, 261–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlynn, TP (2006) Ants on the move: Resource limitation of a litter-nesting ant community in Costa Rica. Biotropica 38, 419–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlynn, TP and Kirksey, SE (2000) The effects of food presentation and microhabitat upon resource monopoly in a ground-foraging ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) community. Revista de Biología Tropical 48, 1–16.Google Scholar
Morrison, LW (1996) Community organization in a recently assembled fauna: the case of Polynesian ants. Oecologia 107, 243–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nekola, JC and White, PS (1999) The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography 26, 867–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neves, FS, Queiroz-Dantas, KS, DaRocha, WD and Delabie, JHC (2013) Ants of three adjacent habitats of a transition region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes: the effects of heterogeneity and variation in canopy cover. Neotropical Entomology 42, 258–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, RB and Kotze, DJ (2010) Do not log-transform count data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1, 118–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oksanen, J, Kindt, R, Legendre, P, O’Hara, B, Stevens, MHH, Oksanen, MJ and Suggests, MASS (2018) vegan: community ecology package. R package version 1.17–4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan.Google Scholar
Oliveira, BF and Scheffers, BR (2019) Vertical stratification influences global patterns of biodiversity. Ecography 42, 249–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz-Lozada, L, Pelayo-Martínez, J, Mota-Vargas, C, Demeneghi-Calatayud, AP and Sosa, VJ (2017) Absence of large and presence of medium-sized mammal species of conservation concern in a privately protected area of rain forest in southeastern Mexico. Tropical Conservation Science 10, 11–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, GG (1995) Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. In Lowman, M and Nadkarni, N (eds), Forest Canopies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 73–106.Google Scholar
Perry, DR (1978) A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica 10, 155–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinotti, BT, Pagotto, CP and Pardini, R (2012) Habitat structure and food resources for wildlife across successional stages in a tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 283, 119–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popma, J, Bongers, F and Meave-Del-Castillo, J (1988) Patterns in the vertical structure of the tropical lowland rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Vegetatio 74, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, ME (1992) Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology 73, 733–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quijano-Cuervo, LG, Rangel-Acosta, J, Martínez-Hernández, N and Sabogal-Gonzalez, A (2019) Estratificación vertical de arañas tejedoras (Araneae) en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical del Caribe colombiano. Revista de Biología Tropical 67, 224–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org.Google Scholar
Retes-López, R, Cuevas-González, MI, Moreno-Medina, S, Denogean-Ballesteros, FG, Ibarra-Flores, F and Martín-Rivera, M (2010) Unidad de manejo para la conservación de la vida silvestre como alternativa para los ‘nuevos agronegócios’. Revista Mexicana de Agronegocios 27, 336–346.Google Scholar
Sarty, M, Abbott, KL and Lester, PJ (2006) Habitat complexity facilitates coexistence in a tropical ant community. Oecologia 149, 465–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, FA, Ribas, CR and Schoereder, JH (2013) How predictable is the response of ant assemblages to natural forest recovery? Implications for their use as bioindicators. Ecological Indicators 24, 158–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnitzer, SA and Carson, WP (2001) Treefall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest. Ecology 82, 913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnitzer, SA, Bongers, F, Burnham, RJ and Putz, FE (2015) Ecology of Lianas. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, DC (2004) Vertical organization of canopy biota. In Lowman, MD and Rinker, HB (eds), Forest Canopies. 2nd edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 73–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, AP (1973) Stratification of temperature and tropical forests. American Naturalist 107, 671–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smouse, PE, Long, JC and Sokal, RR (1986) Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Systematic Zoology 35, 627–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, SM and Schoereder, JH (2001) Ant-nest distribution in a remnant of tropical rainforest. Insectes Sociaux 48, 280–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soininen, J, McDonald, R and Hillebrand, H (2007) The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography 30, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, ME, Stark, AY, Adams, BJ, Kneale, R, Kaspari, M and Yanoviak, SP (2017) Thermal constraints on foraging of tropical canopy ants. Oecologia 183, 1007–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, HO, Yamane, S and Itioka, T (2010) Within-tree distribution of nest sites and foraging areas of ants on canopy trees in a tropical rainforest in Borneo. Population Ecology 52, 147–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavella, J, Alvarez-Pringles, AP and Cagnolo, L (2018) Determinants of ant species spatial distribution in habitats from central Argentina. Community Ecology 19, 300–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theunis, L, Gilbert, M, Roisin, Y and Leponce, M (2005) Spatial structure of litter-dwelling ant distribution in a subtropical dry forest. Insectes Sociaux 52, 366–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobin, J (1995) Ecology and diversity of tropical forest canopy ants. In Lowman, MD and Nadkarni, NM (eds), Forest Canopies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 129–147.Google Scholar
Turner, IM and Corlett, RT (1996) The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, 330–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasconcelos, HL and Vilhena, JMS (2006) Species turnover and vertical partitioning of ant assemblages in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparison of forests and savannas. Biotropica 38, 100–106.Google Scholar
Veech, JA, Summerville, KS, Crist, TO and Gering, JC (2010) The additive partitioning of species diversity: recent revival of an old idea. Oikos 99, 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, RH (1960) Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30, 279–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkie, KTR, Mertl, AL and Traniello, JFA (2010) Species diversity and distribution patterns of the ants of Amazonian Ecuador. PLoS ONE 5, e13146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanoviak, SP and Kaspari, M (2000) Community structure and the habitat templet: ants in the tropical forest canopy and litter. Oikos 89, 259–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanoviak, SP, Fisher, BL and Alonso, A (2007) Arboreal ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a central African forest. African Journal of Ecology 46, 60–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuur, AF and Ieno, EN (2016) A protocol for conducting and presenting results of regression-type analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7, 636–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuur, AF, Ieno, EN, Walker, NJ, Saveliev, AA and Smith, GM (eds) (2009) Zero-truncated and zero-inflated models for count data. In Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 261–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuur, AF, Ieno, EN and Elphick, CS (2010) A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Antoniazzi et al. supplementary material

Antoniazzi et al. supplementary material

Download Antoniazzi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 9.3 KB