Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T09:14:27.547Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The buoyancy and locomotory movements of electric rays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

B. L. Roberts
Affiliation:
The Plymouth Laboratory

Extract

The mean weight in sea water of specimens of the electric ray, Torpedo nobiliana Bonaarte, was only 0·4 % of the weight in air compared with 4·4 % in other bottom-living rays. T. nobiliana was so buoyant because it had large livers (up to 20% by weight) containing a lot (up to 70 %) of oil of low density (0·91 g/cm3) and because some of the body tissues were less dense than in other rays.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahlborn, F., 1896. Über die Bedeutung der Heterocerkie und ähnlicher unsymmetrischer Schwanzformen schwimmender Wirbelthiere für die Ortsbewegung. Z. wiss. Zool., Bd. 61, pp. 137.Google Scholar
Alexander, R. McN., 1965. The lift produced by the heterocercal tails of Selachii. J. exp. Biol., Vol. 43, pp. 131–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R. McN., 1966. Physical aspects of swimbladder function. Biol. Rev., Vol. 41, pp. 141–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Applegate, S. P., 1967. A survey of shark hard parts. In Sharks, Skates and Rays, pp. 3767. Ed. Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F and Rall, D. P.. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Bigelow, H. B. & Schroeder, W. C., 1953. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Fdn mar. Res., No. 1, 576 pp.Google Scholar
Bone, Q., 1966. On the function of the two types of myotomal muscle fibre in elasmo branch fish. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 46, pp. 321–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bone, Q. & Roberts, B. L., 1969. The density of elasmobranchs. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 49, (in Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullis, H. R., 1967. Depth segregations and distribution of sex-maturity groups in the marbled catshark, Galeus arae. In Sharks, Skates and Rays, pp. 141–8. Ed. Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F. and Rall, D. P.. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Coles, R. J., 1913. Notes on the embryos of several species of rays, with remarks on the northward summer migration of certain tropical forms observed on the Coast of North Carolina. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., Vol. 32, pp. 2936.Google Scholar
Connell, J. J., 1962. Fish muscle proteins. In Recent Advances in food Science, pp. 136–46. Ed. Hawthorn, J. and Leitch, J. Muil. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Corner, E. D. S., Denton, E. J. & Forster, G. R., 1969. On the buoyancy of some deep-sea sharks. Proc. R. Soc. B, Vol. 171, pp. 415–29.Google Scholar
Day, F., 1880. The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. II, 388 pp. London: Williams and Norgate.Google Scholar
Denton, E. J., 1961. The buoyancy of fish and cephalopods. Prog. Biophys. biophys. Chem., Vol. 11, pp. 178234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denton, E. J. & Marshall, N. B., 1958. The buoyancy of bathypelagic fishes without a gas-filled swimbladder. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 37, pp. 753–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denton, E. J., Shaw, T. I. & Gilpin-Brown, J. B., 1958. Bathyscaphoid squid. Nature, Lond., Vol. 182, pp. 1810–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Bois-Reymond, E., 1882. On a new principle affecting the systematic distribution of the Torpedinidae, and on the probable occurrence of the T. occidentalis (Storer) on the British Coast. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., 1882, pp. 592–5.Google Scholar
Fisher, L. R., 1964. Vitamin A, Carotenoids and total lipids in the livers of some elasmobranchs. Mar. Res., Vol. 2, pp. 118.Google Scholar
Ford, E., 1921. A contribution to our knowledge of the life-histories of the dogfishes landed at Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 12, pp. 468505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsch, G., 1890. Die Elektrischen Fische. Vol. II. Die Torpedinen. 146 pp. Leipzig: Verlag von Veit und Comp.Google Scholar
Fulton, T. W., 1901. Ichthyological notes. Rep. Fishery Bd Scotl., Vol. 19, pp. 282–91.Google Scholar
Harris, J. E., 1936. The role of the fins in the equilibrium of the swimming fish. I. Wind-tunnel tests on a model of Mustelus canis (Mitchill). J. exp. Biol., Vol. 13, pp. 476–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. E., 1952. A note on the breeding season, sex ratio and embryonic development of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (L). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 31, pp. 269–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, J. M., Heller, M. S., Springer, S. & Clark, E., 1957. Squalene content of various sharks livers. Nature, Lond., Vol. 179, pp. 919–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickling, C. F., 1930. A contribution towards the life-history of the spur dog. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 16, pp. 529–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higashi, M., Kaneko, T. & Sugii, K., 1953. Studies on utilization of the liver oil of deep-sea sharks. IV. Hydrocarbon contents in ‘ynmezame’, Centroscymus owstoni Larman. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish., Vol. 19, pp. 836–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Höber, R., 1945. Physical Chemistry of Cells and Tissues. 676 pp. London: J. and A. Churchill.Google Scholar
Howes, G. B., 1890. On the visceral anatomy of the Australian Torpedo (Hypnus subnognum), with especial reference to the suspension of the vertebrate alimentary canal. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, pp. 669–74.Google Scholar
Jordan, D. S., 1925. Fishes. 773 pp. New York: D. Appleton and Co.Google Scholar
Keynes, R. D., 1956. The generation of electricity by fishes. Endeavour, Vol. 15, pp. 215–22.Google Scholar
Knudsen, M., 1901. Hydrographical tables. 63 pp. Copenhagen: Bianco Luno.Google Scholar
Kollmann, M., Van Gaver, F., & Timon-David, J., 1929. Le développement du foie et son rendement en huile chez Scyllium canicula (L). C. r. Séanc. Soc. Biol., T. 100, pp. 355–8.Google Scholar
Limbaugh, C., 1963. Field notes on sharks. In Sharks and Survival, pp. 6394. Ed. Gilbert, P. W.Boston: Heath and Co.Google Scholar
Lissmann, H. W., 1962. Zoology, locomotory adaptations and the problem of electric fish. In The Cell and the Organism, pp. 301–17. Ed. Ramsay, J. A. and Wigglesworth, V. B.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, L. H. & Parker, H. W., 1950. Notes on the anatomy and biology of the Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner)). Proc. zool. Soc, Vol. 120, pp. 535–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne-Thompson, L. M., 1958. Theoretical Aerodynamics, 3rd Ed. 414 pp. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nicol, J. A. C., 1963. Reflectivity of the choroidal tapeta of Selachians. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., Vol. 21, pp. 10891100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, W., 1961. Zur Biologie des Zitterrochens (Torpedo marmorata Risso). Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, Vol. 32, pp. 167–71.Google Scholar
Polimanti, O., 1912. Über den Fettgehalt der Leber einiger Selachier wahrend der Zeit der Schwangershaft. Biochem. Z., Bd. 38, pp. 495500.Google Scholar
Rae, B. B. & Wilson, E., 1956. Rare and exotic fishes recorded in Scotland during 1955. Scott. Nat., Vol. 68, pp. 92109.Google Scholar
Ranzi, S., 1933. Sui rapporti tra fegato e gestazione nei Selaci. Atti Accad. pontif. Nuovi Lincei, Vol. 87, pp. 100–12.Google Scholar
Reach, F., 1912. Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Fette bei Torpedo während der Gravidität. Biochem. Z., Bd. 40, pp. 128–37.Google Scholar
Sheridan, M. N., 1965. The fine structure of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., Vol. 24, pp. 129141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sim, G., 1903. The Vertebrate Fauna of ‘Dee’. 295 pp. Aberdeen: D. Wyllie and Son.Google Scholar
Smith, H., 1936. Osmotic functions of retained urea in elasmobranchs. Biol. Rev., Vol. 11, pp. 4982.Google Scholar
Steven, G. A., 1933. Rays and Skates of Devon and Cornwall. III. The proportions of the sexes in nature and in commercial landings, and their significance to the fishery. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 18, pp. 611–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, S., 1908. Notes on some Japanese fishes with descriptions of fourteen new species. J. Coll. Sci. imp. Univ. Tokyo, Vol. 23, pp. 155.Google Scholar
Thorsen, T. B., 1958. Measurement of the fluid compartments of four species of marine Chondrichthyes. Physiol. Zoöl., Vol. 31, pp. 1623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujimoto, M., 1932. The liver oils of elasmobranch fish. J. Soc. chem. Ind. Japan, Vol. 51, pp. 317–2.Google Scholar
Wachtel, A., Mathewson, R. & Grundfest, H., 1961. Electron microscopic and histochemical comparison of the two types of electro-plaques of Narcine brasiliensis. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., Vol. 11, pp. 663–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahlert Von, G. & Wahlert Von, H., 1964. Beobachtungen an einen Zitterrochen. Zool. Anz., Bd. 172, pp. 441–8.Google Scholar
Weyl, T., 1882. Physiologische und chemische Studien an Torpedo. Hoppe Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem., Bd. 7, pp. 541–52.Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. & Du Heaume, V., 1964. Notes on the distribution of electric rays (Torpedo spp.) in Northern European Waters. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 44, pp. 389–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, R. H., 1918. The evolution of the caudal fins of fishes. Rec. Indian Mus., Vol. 15, pp. 135–42.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. P., 1953. Notes from the Plymouth Aquarium II. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 32, pp. 199208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar