Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T19:12:21.590Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Standardization of an Arabic-Language Neuropsychological Battery for Epilepsy Surgical Evaluations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2019

Haya F. Al-Joudi ,
Lina Mincari ,
Salah Baz ,
Michael Nester ,
Najla Al-Marzouki ,
Tariq Abalkhail ,
Noha Aljehani ,
Camellia Al-Ibrahim  and
Jason Brandt
Haya F. Al-Joudi*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Lina Mincari
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Salah Baz
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Michael Nester
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Najla Al-Marzouki
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tariq Abalkhail
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Noha Aljehani
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Camellia Al-Ibrahim
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
Jason Brandt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Haya Al-Joudi, Department of Neurosciences, KFSHRC, MBC 76, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: haljoudi8@kfshrc.edu.sa
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives: This study provides a standardized Arabic language neuropsychological test battery and tests its ability to distinguish patients with left and right hemisphere epileptic foci who are candidates for surgical resection. Methods: An Arabic language battery of 15 tests was developed based on the neuropsychological test battery used at the Johns Hopkins Hospital for surgical evaluation of patients undergoing temporal lobe resection. With modifications where culturally required, 11 tests were translated to Arabic by the principal investigator and back-translated by two bilingual health professionals; four tests were available in Arabic and added to the battery. The battery was administered to 21 Arabic-speaking patients with left temporal epileptic foci, 21 with right temporal epileptic foci, and 46 neurologically and psychiatrically healthy adults. Results: Nearly all the Arabic test versions were capable of differentiating healthy controls and the temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) groups. Tests known to distinguish left and right temporal lobectomy candidates, such as wordlist memory and prose recall, were able to do so as accurately as the English versions. Also, a roughly “culturally free” task (the Baltimore Board) and a newly developed version of the Boston Naming Test demonstrated some sensitivity to left temporal lobe involvement. Conclusions: Arabic-language neuropsychological tests for epilepsy surgical evaluations are made available, demonstrate cultural sensitivity and clinical validity, and require further psychometric property and normative research. (JINS, 2019, 25, 761–771)

Keywords

Cross cultural neuropsychologyneuropsychology of epilepsystandardizationarabic cognitive testsarabic cognitive assessmentarabic neurocognitive testingsaudi neuropsychological tests
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 25 , Issue 7 , August 2019 , pp. 761 - 771
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Present address: Noha Aljehani, Department of Neurology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia

References

REFERENCES

Abduljabbar, M., Ogunniyi, A., Daif, A.K., Al-Tahan, A., Al-Bunyan, M., & Al-Rajeh, S. (1998). Epilepsy classification and factors associated with control in Saudi adult patients. Seizure, 7(6), 501–504.10.1016/S1059-1311(98)80010-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrahams, S., Morris, R.G., Polkey, C.E., Jarosz, J.M., Cox, T.C., Graves, M., & Pickering, A. (1999). Hippocampal involvement in spatial and working memory: a structural MRI analysis of patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. Brain & Cognition, 41(1), 39–65. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1095CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alansari, B.M., & Baroun, K. (2004). Gender and cultural performance differences on the Stroop Color and Word test: A comparative study. Social Behavior & Personality, 32(3), 233–243. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2004.32.3.233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alessio, A., Bonilha, L., Rorden, C., Kobayashi, E., Min, L.L., Damasceno, B.P., & Cendes, F. (2006). Memory and language impairments and their relationships to hippocampal and perirhinal cortex damage in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 8(3), 593–600. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.01.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Ghatani, A.M., Obonsawin, M.C., & Al-Moutaery, K.R. (2009). Normative data for the two equivalent forms of the Arabic Verbal Fluency Test. Pan Arab Journal of Neurosurgery, 13, 57–65.Google Scholar
Al-Ghatani, A.M., Obonsawin, M.C., & Al-Moutaery, K.R. (2010). Arabic version of Stroop test and its equivalency to the English version. Pan Arab Journal of Neurosurgery, 14(1), 112–115.Google Scholar
Al-Ghatani, A.M., Obonsawin, M.C., Binshaig, B.A., & Al-Moutaery, K.R. (2011). Saudi normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Stroop test, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence-3, Picture Completion and Vocabulary (subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised). Neurosciences (Riyadh), 16(1), 29–41.Google Scholar
Al Rajeh, S., Awada, A., Bademosi, O., & Ogunniyi, A. (2001). The prevalence of epilepsy and other seizure disorders in an Arab population: a community-based study. Seizure, 10, 410–414. doi: 10.1053/seiz.2001.0602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Salman, A.S.A. (2013). The Saudi Arabian Adaptation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination - Revised (Arabic ACE-R). (U608807 Ph.D.), University of Glasgow (United Kingdom), Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.Google Scholar
Alsemari, A., Al-Otaibi, F., Baz, S., Althubaiti, I., Aldhalaan, H., Macdonald, D., Abalkhail, T., Fiol, M. E., Alyamani, S., Chedrawi, A., Leblanc, F., Parrent, A., Maclean, D., & Girvin, J. (2014). Epilepsy surgery series: a study of 502 consecutive patients from a developing country. Epilepsy Research and Treatment, 2014, 286801. doi: 10.1155/2014/286801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andelman, F., Fried, I., & Neufeld, M.Y. (2001). Quality of life self-assessment as a function of lateralization of lesion in candidates for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 42(4), 549–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, W.B., Morrison, C., Zaroff, C., & Devinsky, O. (2004). Use of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) in neuropsychological evaluation of epilepsy surgery candidates. Epilepsy & Behavior, 5(2), 175–179. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.12.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxendale, S., van Paesschen, W., Thompson, P., Connelly, A., Duncan, J.S., Harkness, W.F., & Shorvon, S.D. (1998). The relationship between quantitative MRI and neuropsychological functioning in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 39(2), 158–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brundtland, G.H. (2001). From the World Health Organization. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(19), 2391.Google ScholarPubMed
Doss, R.C., Chelune, G.J., & Naugle, R.I. (2000). Comparability of the expanded WMS-III standardization protocol to the published WMS-III among right and left temporal lobectomy patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(4), 468–473. doi: 10.1076/clin.14.4.468.7195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewes, C., Sagberg, L.M., Jakola, A.S., & Solheim, O. (2016). Quality of life in patients with intracranial tumors: does tumor laterality matter? Journal of Neurosurgery, 125(6), 1400–1407. doi: 10.3171/2015.12.jns152252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elbehairy, A. (2004). Arabic Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90R). Asyut, Egypt: Center for Psychological and Educational Counseling.Google Scholar
Escandell, V.A. (2002). Cross-cultural neuropsychology in Saudi Arabia. In Ferraro, F. R. (Ed.), Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment. (pp. 299–325). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.Google Scholar
Fasfous, A.F., Al-Joudi, H.F., Puente, A.E., & Perez-Garcia, M. (2017). Neuropsychological measures in the Arab world: A systematic review. Neuropsychology Review, 27(2), 158–173. doi: 10.1007/s11065-017-9347-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleissner, U., Helmstaedter, C., & Elger, C.E. (1998). Right hippocampal contribution to visual memory: A presurgical and postsurgical study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 65(5), 665–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haerer, A.F., Anderson, D.W., & Schoenberg, B.S. (1986). Prevalence and clinical features of epilepsy in a biracial United States population. Epilepsia, 27(1), 66–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, A.M. (2012). Neuropsychological evaluation in epilepsy surgery – A cross-cultural perspective. In Stevanovic, D. (Ed.), Epilepsy: Histological, electroencephalographic and psychological aspects (pp. 175–198): InTech. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/.Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C., Grunwald, T., Lehnertz, K., Gleissner, U., & Elger, C.E. (1997). Differential involvement of left temporolateral and temporomesial structures in verbal declarative learning and memory: evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain & Cognition, 35(1), 110–131. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1997.0930CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, B.P., Gold, J., Pusakulich, R., Wyler, A.R., Randolph, C., Rankin, G., & Hoy, W. (1995a). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised in the evaluation of anterior temporal lobectomy candidates. Epilepsia, 36(5), 480–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, B.P., Seidenberg, M., Dow, C., Jones, J., Rutecki, P., Bhattacharya, A., & Bell, B. (2006). Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Annals of Neurology, 60(1), 80–87. doi: 10.1002/ana.20872CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, B.P., Seidenberg, M., Haltiner, A., & Wyler, A.R. (1991). Mood state in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Biological Psychiatry, 30(12), 1205–1218. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90157-HCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann, B.P., Seidenberg, M., Haltiner, A., & Wyler, A.R. (1995b). Relationship of age at onset, chronologic age, and adequacy of preoperative performance to verbal memory change after anterior temporal lobectomy. Epilepsia, 36(2), 137–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, B.P., Seidenberg, M., Lee, E.J., Chan, F., & Rutecki, P. (2007). Cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 12–20. doi: 10.1017/S135561770707004XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, B.P., Seidenberg, M., Schoenfeld, J., & Davies, K. (1997). Neuropsychological characteristics of the syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Archives of Neurology, 54(4), 369–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howell, R.A., Saling, M.M., Bradley, D.C., & Berkovic, S.F. (1994). Interictal language fluency in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex, 30(3), 469–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Test Commission. (2010). Guidelines for translating and adapting tests. http://www.intestcom.orgGoogle Scholar
Ivnik, R.J., Sharbrough, F.W., & Laws, E.R. Jr. (1987). Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 128–137.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones-Gotman, M., Smith, M.L., Risse, G.L., Westerveld, M., Swanson, S.J., Giovagnoli, A.R., Lee, T.M., Mader-Joaquim, M.J., & Piazzini, A. (2010). The contribution of neuropsychology to diagnostic assessment in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 18(1-2), 3–12. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.02.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josman, N., Abdallah, T.M., & Engel-Yeger, B. (2006). A comparison of visual-perceptual and visual-motor skills between Palestinian and Israeli children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(2), 215–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalil, M.S. (2010). Preliminary Arabic normative data of neuropsychological tests: The verbal and design fluency. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(9), 1028–1035. doi: 10.1080/13803391003672305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, S.A., & Alsemari, A. (2008). Delivery of healthcare and socioeconomic issues, organization of health care in Saudi Arabia. In Engel, J. Jr. and Pedley, T. A. (Eds.), Epilepsy: A comprehensive textbook (2nd ed., Vol. III, pp. 2899–2907). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, C., Murrie, V., Cook, M., Andrewes, D., Desmond, P., & Hopper, J. (1995, September). Severity of verbal memory deficits correlates with degree of left hippocampal atrophy. Paper presented at the 21st IEC Proceedings, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Kingwell, K. (2012). Epilepsy: Surgical therapy should not be considered a last resort for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Nature Reviews Neurology, 8(5), 238. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kneebone, A.C., Lee, G.P., Wade, L.T., & Loring, D.W. (2007). Rey complex figure: Figural and spatial memory before and after temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(4), 664–671. doi: 10.1017/s1355617707070828CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krauss, G.L., & Sperling, M.R. (2011). Treating patients with medically resistant epilepsy. Neurology. Clinical Practice, 1(1), 14–23. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0b013e31823d07d1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuzniecky, R., Palmer, C., Hugg, J., Martin, R., Sawrie, S., Morawetz, R., Faught, E., & Knowlton, R. (2001). Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: neuronal dysfunction or cell loss? Archives of Neurology, 58(12), 2048–2053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, G.P. (2010). Neuropsychological assessment in epilepsy. In Neuropsychology of epilepsy and epilepsy surgery (pp. 95–131). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Lee, T.M., Yip, J.T., & Jones-Gotman, M. (2002). Memory deficits after resection from left or right anterior temporal lobe in humans: A meta-analytic review. Epilepsia, 43(3), 283–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrner, J., Kalchmayr, R., Serles, W., Olbrich, A., Pataraia, E., Aull, S., Bacher, J., Leutmezer, F., Groppel, G., Deecke, L., & Baumgartner, C. (1999). Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), activity of daily living (ADL) and depressive mood disorder in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Seizure, 8(2), 88–92. doi: 10.1053/seiz.1999.0272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lencz, T., McCarthy, G., Bronen, R.A., Scott, T.M., Inserni, J.A., Sass, K.J., Novelly, R.A., Kim, J.H., & Spencer, D.D. (1992). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: Relationship to neuropathology and neuropsychological function. Annals of Neurology, 31(6), 629–637. doi: 10.1002/ana.410310610CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieblich, A., & Kugelmass, S. (1981). Patterns of intellectual ability of Arab school children in Israel. Intelligence, 5(4), 311–320. doi: 10.1016/0160-2896(81)90022-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loring, D.W. (1997). Neuropsychological evaluation in epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 38(Suppl 4), S18–S23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loring, D.W., Lowenstein, D.H., Barbaro, N.M., Fureman, B.E., Odenkirchen, J., Jacobs, M.P., Austin, J.K., Dlugos, D.J., French, J.A., Gaillard, W.D., Hermann, B.P., Hesdorffer, D.C., Roper, S.N., Van Cott, A.C., Grinnon, S., & Stout, A. (2011). Common data elements in epilepsy research: development and implementation of the NINDS epilepsy CDE project. Epilepsia, 52(6), 1186–1191. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03018.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loring, D.W., Strauss, E., Hermann, B.P., Barr, W.B., Perrine, K., Trenerry, M.R., Chelune, G., Westerveld, M., Lee, G.P., Meador, K.J., & Bowden, S.C. (2008). Differential neuropsychological test sensitivity to left temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(3), 394–400. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708080582CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manly, J.J., & Echemendia, R.J. (2007). Race-specific norms: using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychology. Archives of Cinical Neuropsychology, 22(3), 319–325. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, R.C., Hugg, J.W., Roth, D.L., Bilir, E., Gilliam, F.G., Faught, E., & Kuzniecky, R.I. (1999). MRI extrahippocampal volumes and visual memory: correlations independent of MRI hippocampal volumes in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(6), 540–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayeux, R., Brandt, J., Rosen, J., & Benson, D.F. (1980). Interictal memory and language impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology, 30(2), 120–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConley, R., Martin, R., Palmer, C.A., Kuzniecky, R., Knowlton, R., & Faught, E. (2008). Rey Osterrieth complex figure test spatial and figural scoring: Relations to seizure focus and hippocampal pathology in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13(1), 174–177. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.03.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metternich, B., Buschmann, F., Wagner, K., Schulze-Bonhage, A., & Kriston, L. (2014). Verbal fluency in focal epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 24(2), 200–218. doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9255-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, B. (1966). Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes. In Whitty, C. M. W., and Zangwill, O. L. (Eds.), Amnesia (pp. 109–133). London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Nell, V. (2000). Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment: Theory and practice. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Ontario Health Quality. (2012). Epilepsy surgery: An evidence summary. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 12(17), 1–28.Google Scholar
Parush, S., Sharoni, C., Hahn-Markowitz, J., & Katz, N. (2000). Perceptual, motor and cognitive performance components of Bedouin children in Israel. Occupational Therapy International, 7(4), 216. doi: 10.1002/oti.124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piazzini, A., Canevini, M.P., Maggiori, G., & Canger, R. (2001). Depression and anxiety in atients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2(5), 481–489. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2001.0247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picot, M.C., Baldy-Moulinier, M., Daures, J.P., Dujols, P., & Crespel, A. (2008). The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: a population-based study in a Western European country. Epilepsia, 49(7), 1230–1238. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01579.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puente, A.E. (1990). Psychological assessment of minority group members. In Goldstein, G., and Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment (pp. 505–520). Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Quiske, A., Helmstaedter, C., Lux, S., & Elger, C.E. (2000). Depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is related to mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res, 39(2), 121–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rausch, R. & Babb, T.L. (1993). Hippocampal neuron loss and memory scores before and after temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy. Archives of Neurology, 50(8), 812–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saling, M.M. (2009). Verbal memory in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Beyond material specificity. Brain, 132(3), 570–582. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saudi Central Department of Statistics and Information. (2013). Demographic Survey. http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/socandpub/eduGoogle Scholar
Schefft, B.K., Testa, S.M., Dulay, M.F., Privitera, M.D., & Yeh, H.S. (2003). Preoperative assessment of confrontation naming ability and interictal paraphasia production in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 4(2), 161–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shebani, M.F.A., van de Vijver, F.J.R., & Poortinga, Y.H. (2008). Memory development in Libyan and Dutch school children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5(4), 419–438. doi: 10.1080/17405620701343204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, A.M. (2004). Presurgical evaluation and surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. Neurosurg Rev, 27(1), 1–18; discussion 19-21. doi: 10.1007/s10143-003-0305-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobeh, J., & Spijkers, W. (2012). Development of attention functions in 5- to 11-year-old Arab children as measured by the German Test Battery of Attention Performance (KITAP): A pilot study from Syria. Child Neuropsychology, 18(2), 144–167. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2011.594426CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobeh, J., & Spijkers, W. (2013). Development of neuropsychological functions of attention in two cultures: A cross-cultural study of attentional performances of Syrian and German children of pre-school and school age. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(3), 318–336. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2012.674761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soble, J.R., Eichstaedt, K.E., Waseem, H., Mattingly, M.L., Benbadis, S.R., Bozorg, A.M., Vale, F.L., & Schoenberg, M.R. (2014). Clinical utility of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) in predicting laterality of temporal lobe epilepsy among surgical candidates. Epilepsy & Behavior, 41, 232–237. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, S., & Huh, L. (2008). Outcomes of epilepsy surgery in adults and children. The Lancet Neurology, 7(6), 525–537. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70109-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanczak, D.E., Stanczak, E.M., & Awadalla, A.W. (2001). Development and initial validation of an Arabic version of the Expanded Trail Making Test: Implications for cross-cultural assessment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16(2), 141–149. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6177(99)00060-8Google ScholarPubMed
Strauss, E., Hunter, M., & Wada, J. (1995). Risk factors for cognitive impairment in epilepsy. Neuropsychology, 9(4), 457–463. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.9.4.457CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, E., Loring, D., Chelune, G., Hunter, M., Hermann, B., Perrine, K., Westerveld, M., Trenerry, M., & Barr, W. (1995). Predicting cognitive impairment in epilepsy: findings from the Bozeman epilepsy consortium. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17(6), 909–917. doi: 10.1080/01688639508402439CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, E., Sherman, E., & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary (3rd edition). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Treyer, V., Buck, A., & Schnider, A. (2005). Processing content or location: distinct brain activation in a memory task. Hippocampus, 15(5), 684–689. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20093CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, S.J., Baxendale, S., Barr, W., Hamed, S., Langfitt, J., Samson, S., Watanabe, M., Baker, G.A., Helmstaedter, C., Hermann, B.P., & Smith, M.L. (2015). Indications and expectations for neuropsychological assessment in routine epilepsy care: Report of the ILAE Neuropsychology Task Force, Diagnostic Methods Commission, 2013–2017. Epilepsia, 56(5), 674–681. doi: 10.1111/epi.12962CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material 1

Download Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 82.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material 2

Download Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 97.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material

Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material 3

Download Al-Joudi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 48.5 KB