1. See L.M. Sitorus, Sedjara Pergerakan Kebangsaan Indonesia (Djakarta 1951) 13-14.

2. O. Damste and B. Jildera; Nederland Indonesia dalan Abad Kedoea-poeloeh (Batavia, 1949) 21.

3. According to an Indonesian author: 'It was a court life in miniature, but enclosed within high walls. In such conditions, the life of a girl was in the hands of her family and she had no rights to choose. Actually, Kartini, when once she was asked by a Dutch girl in her school as to what she wished to become later,felt perplexed and unable to give any specific answer. She in turn asked her brother, who without a moment's hesitation, said: "Well, of course, you should become a Raden Aju (i.e. the wife of a regent)." (Satyawati Suleiman, The Women in Indonesia) (mimeographed) (New Delhi, Indonesian Embassy, 1959)

4. "From Darkness to Light" Report on Indonesia (Washington), 6 (March 1955) 8.

5. Ibid., 8.

6. The information about these publications is from Ibid., 8 and Satyawati Suleiman, op, cit., 13.

7. Sitorus, op. cit. 6.

8. Dr. Wahidin graduated from the Java Medical School and was given the title of "Javanese Doctor" after 22 months of study there, Indonesia (Djakarta) 1 (June 1955) 16.

9. Sitorus, op. cit., 8.

10. Suradji Tirtonagoro is still alive in Klaten, Java. See Sudarjo Tjok-rosisworo "Siapakah Pendiri Budi-Utomo" Suluh Indonesia (Djakarta), 11 June 1959.

11. Ibid. According to this source, at this meeting Gunawan Mangunkusumo compared the birth of Budi Utomo to a sword to chop off the giant dragon which was at the head of thousands of lies and aly tactics, i.e. colonial imperialism.

12. Illustrations of tho Revolution (Djakarta, Ministry of Information, 1954) 24.

15. Sitorus, op. cit., 9,

14. According to Sudarjo Tjokrosisworo, op, cit., Tirtokusumo was elected chairman after Wahidin and Sutomo had refused to be nominated. Wahidin refused candidature for reasons of old age and because he thought that there were other persons moro able and fit. Sutomo felt that he was too young and'had to finish his education.

15. Illustrations of the Revolution, op. cit., 24. The other office bearers were: Treasurer - Gondoatmodjo, Officer of the Pakualaman (Junior Royal House in Jogjakarta), Legionary Units. Other members of the Executive were: 1) Surjodiputro, Chief of the Public Prosecutors in Bondowoso; 2) Djojosubroto, District Head of Bandung City; 3 Gondosubroto, Chief of Public Prosecutors at Surakarta; 4) Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo of Demak (Central Java).

16. Sitorus, op. cit., 9.

17. Ibid., 9.

18. According to Harry J. Bonda, Budi Utomo was "pre-political rather than political."The Crescent and the Rising Sun (The Hague and Handung, 1958) 41.

19. Mohammad Hatta, "Pergerakan Nasional 50 Tahun" Star Weekly. (Djakarta) 17 May 1958, 2.

20. Ibid., 2.

21. A.K. Pringgodigdo, Sodiarah Pergerakan Rakjat Indonesia (Djakarta,1950) 12.

22. Ibid., 12.

23. G.H. Bousquet, A french View of the Netherlands Indies (London and New York, 1940) 25.

24. Hatta, op. cit., 2.

25. Ibid., 3.

26. Sitorus, op. cit. 10.

27. Sitorus, op. cit., 10.

28. Hatta, op. cit.,

29. Sitorus, op. cit., 10.

30. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 13.

31. Ibid., 14.

32. Ibid., 13.

33. Ibid., 14.

35. Sitorus, op. cit., 10.

36. B.H.M. Vlekke, Nusantara, (The Hague and Bandung) 352)

37. See J.S. Furnivall, Netherlands India (Cambridge, 1944) 244.

38. Op. cit., 352. Vlekke writes as follows about his racial background: "His father was a Netherlander, son of a Dutch father and French mother. His mother was an Indo, daughter of a German father and a Javanese mother."

39. Quoted by Furnivall, op. cit., 244.

40. Sitorus, op. cit., 11.

41. Ibid., 11-2.

42. Ibid., 12.

43. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 22-3.

44. - do -

45. Furnivall, op. cit., 244. According to him when a project of a new Medical School was mooted in 1913, this Medical Association greeted it with a protest that the moral virtues of a doctor were, by nature, foreign to the East, and that men trained in the new school would make a pastime of seduction and a living from abortion. (p. 247).

46. Ibid., 244.

47. Sitorus, op. cit., 12.

48. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 23.

49. Ibid., 21. Indische Bond, Pringgodigo writes, was formed in 1898 by the Eurasians and Europeans to look after the social and economic interests of the Eurasians.

50. Ibid., 21.

51. Ibid., 21

52. Ibid., 22.

55. Sitorus, op, cit., 12.

54. Pringgodigdo, 94.

55. Ibid., 94

56. Ibid., 94.

57. D.M.G.Koch, Menudju Kenerdekaan (Toward Freedon, translated from Dutch by Abdoal Moois. Original Title is On do Vrijheid)(Djakarta, 1951) 123.

58. Pringgodigdo, op.cit., 62 and Sitorus, op,cit., 33.

59. Sitorus, op. cit., 33, Pringgodigdo, however, feels that the arrival of these two political leaders end not change the attitude of the organization, and that a turn towards policies occurred only later. op.cit., 62.

60. Sitorus, op.cit., 33.

61. See Pringgodigdo, op, cit., 14; Sitorus, op, cit., 13.

62. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 14.

63. Furnivall, op. cit., 243-4

64. C.A.O. Van Nieuwerihuijze writes in Aspects of Islam in, Post-Colonial Indonesia (The Hague and Bandung, 1958) 44; "The there was a Muslin reaction against Christian missionary activities being carried on under the aegies of a foreign government which in its own characteristic way applied its (foreign) ideas of religious freedom."

65. See Sitrus, op.cit. 14 and Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 14.

66. Wertheim, op. cit. 208.

67. Ibid., 213.

68. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 15. Furnivall also states that there were anti-Chinese riots in 1912. Furnivall op. cit., 244.

69. "40-Tahun Partai Sjarikat Islam Indonesia 10 September 1912 - 1952" (Informations Section, P.S.I.I. Djakarta, 1952) 4.

70. Pringgodigdo, op. cit. 15

71. Ibid., 15.

72. Amelz (Editor), H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto - Hidup dan Perdjuangannja vol.1 (Life and Struggle of H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto),(Djakarta, 1952) 50-51.

73. Ibid., 103.

74. Amelz, op. cit., 104.

74. Sitorus, op. cit., 15.

75. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 16.

75. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 16.

76. Ibid. 16.

77. Ibid. 16.

78. Sitorus, op. cit. 16 and Pringgodigdo, op. cit. 17.

79. Furnivall, op., cit., 249.

80. Pinggodigdo, op. cit., 16.

81. Vlekke, op. cit., 353.

82. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 36.

83. Ibid., 25.

84. According to D.N. Aidit, General Secretary of the Indonesian Communist Party, at the seventh Congress of I.S.D.V. held on May 23, 1920 in Senarang it was decided "on the proposal of the Senarang branch, representing the largest numbers of members, to discuss as the basic point on the agenda, the change in the name of the PSDH (ISDV) to the Communist Party of the East Indies (PKH) or the Partij der Conmunisten in Indie (PCI). After a long end bitter debate the Congress decided to change the name PSDH (ISDV) to the Perserikatan Konunis di India (PKI) or the Partij der Komunisten in Indie; at the PKI Congress in 1924, the name was changed to the Partij Konunis Indonesia. (PKI, or abbreviated in English to C.P.I.) "Lessons from the History of the C.P.I." Supplement to the Review of Indonesia (Djakarta), 7 (June I960) 4. Review of Indonesia is the monthly organ of the Indonesia Communist Party.

However, at present Connunist Party Indonesia uses Partai Konunis Indonesia (P.K.I.) as its name in the Indonesian language.

85. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 36.

86. Ibid. 17.

87. Ibid., 18.

88. See Furnivall, op. cit., 249 and G.M. Kahin, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (New York, 1955, 3rd Printing) 73. Also see Vlekke, op. cit., 355.

89. Vlekke, op. cit., 353.

90. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 17.

91. Ibid., 18.

92. Ibid., 18.

93. Ibid., 18, also Kahin, op. cit., 73,

94. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 13,

95. Sitorus, op. cit., 17.

96. Ibid., 17-8.

97. Pringgodigdo, op, cit., 18-9,

98. Sitorus, op, cit., 17.

99. Ibid., 18.

100. Kahin, op. cit,, 73.

101. Sitorus, op. cit., 25. Darsono in a recent article maintains that PKI (Pasiai Konunis Indonesia) is "the oldest Communist Party in a colonial country," See his article "The Indonesian Communist Party," Eastern, World. 11 (Dec. 1957) 22. Darsono is no longer a communist.

102. P. Bersma, "Comnunism in Java," International Press Correspondence, 3 (16 Aug, 1925) 607. It was an organ of the Communist International published first from Berlin, and after November 1923 in Vienna, This journal hereafter will be referred to as Inprecorr.

pag 57 note 103. Inprecorr., 4 (24 July 1924) 500-1, Darsono and Tan Malaka attended the III (1921) and IV (1922) Congresses respectively of,the Communist International.

pag 57 note 104. Senaun was born in 1897, four years before the birth of Sukarno, the President of Indonesia. Two late leaders of the party. Tan Malaka and Musso were born in 1894 and 1898 respectively.

pag 57 note 105. Pringgodigdo,.op, cit,, 36-7.

pag 57 note 106. Interview with D.M. Aidit, Djakarta, 23 January 1958.

pag 57 note 107. Pringgodigdo, op. cit,, 47.

pag 57 note 108. Ibid., 47.

109. Ibid., 39, 48. Sitorus however maintains that it was only at the Modiun Congress of Sarekat Islam in 19 3, that it was decided to apply the re-solution on party-discipline to Communists in S.I., leading to their withdrawal from the organization. Sitorus, op. cit., 27.

110. Kahin, op. cit., 76. Bergsna claimed that Semarang branch "the largest local S.I. organization in the hole Indies" had affiliated itself to the Indonesian Communist Party reinforcing it "to the number of several thousand members." Bergsma, op. cit., 607.

111. Bergsma, "The Revolutionary Movement in tho Dutch East Indies," Imprecorr. 5, (22 Jan. 1925) 74.

112. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 40

113. Bergsma, op. cit., 74.

114. Tedjasukmana, Iskandar, The Political Character of the Indonesian Trade Union Movement, (New York, 1959) 7-8.

115. Ibid., 5.

116. Ibid., 10.

117. Ibid., 11 and Sitorus, op. cit., 27.

118. Sitorus, op. cit., 26. Also soe Tedjasuknana, op. cit., 12.

119. About its significance Bergsna wrote; "This strike will disorganise , the whole transport system. Probably the most important factor is the almost complete stagnation of sugar transport. As this means that the large factories cannot continue work, enormous masses of sugar cane will rot in the fields, involving a loss of trillions of guilders to the Dutch capitalists." P. Bergsma, "A Great Political Strike in Java," Inprocorr., 3 (21 June 1923) 436.

120. Ibid., 436.

121. Pringgodigdo, 39.

122. P.A. Hoesein Djajadiningrat, "Islam in Indonesia," in K.W. Morgan (ed), Islam - The Straight Path (New York, 1958) 399.

123. Pringgodigdo,. op. cit,, 29.

124. Bousquet, op, cit,, 2, 5. Also see G.W.J. Drewes, "Indonesia: Mysticism end Activism," in Gustave E. von Grunebaun, Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization (Chicago, 1955) 301.

125. Drewes, op, cit., 302.

126. Pringgodigdo, 50.

127. Amelz, op, cit., 174.

128. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 53.

129. Ibid., 48. Also see Sitorus, up. cit., 18.

130. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 49

131. At the Sarekatlslan's Congress at Jogjakarta in August 1925, Tjokroaminoto stated that Islan could free Indonesia's people fron econonic oppression and exploitation. He also criticized "bad" capitalism and its product inperialisn. Ibid. 50.

132. Ibid., 51-2.

133. Ibid., 51-2.

134. Ibid., 52.

135. Sitorus, op. cit., 19.

136. Program-Asas "Partai Sjarikat Islam Indonesia" (Basic Programme of the Partai Sjarikat Islan Indonesia" (1931) in Amelz, op. cit. Vol II, 51.

137. Sitorus, op. cit., 26-7; Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 38.

138. Pringgodigdo, op, cit., 42.

139. Ibid., 41.

140. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 41-2.

141. Kahin, op. cit., 77.

142. Sitorus, op. cit., 28-9.

143. D.N. Aiditf, Sodjarah Gerakan Buruh Indonesia (Djakarta 1952) 59.

144. Kahin, op. cit., 77.

145. Pringgodigdo, op. cit., 43.

146. Sanin (Sonaun). "The Situation in Indonesia," Co-Report to the 6th World Congress of the Connunist International (30th Session, 15 August 1928 norning) Inprecorr., 8 (4 October 1928) 1245.

147. Ibid., 1245, However, according to Kahin a compromise solution energed. The dissolution of the Sarekat Rakjats was accepted in principle, but the process of dissolution was to be carried out gradually so as to avoid enfeebling the PKI (Indonesian Connunist Party)," Kahin, op. cit., 77-8.

148. Sanin, op. cit., 1246.

149. D.N. Aidit, A Short History of the Connunist Party of Indonesia (New Delhi, 1955) 6. Aidit conpares the PKl's nenbership figures with that of the Chinese Connunist Party which, according to hin was only 900 in 1925.

It is, however, not without interest to note that in August 1923 Bergsna, a founder-nenbor, clained a membership of 13,000. ("Communisn in Java," Inprecorr., 3 (16 August 1923) 607). In September 1923, Bergsna clained a party membership of 50,000 with 32 sections in Ternate (Moluccas), Borneo, Sumatra and Celebes. ("A Letter fron the Dutch East Indies," Inpercorr., 3 (27 Sept., 1923) 699). In his report to the Conintorn in 1928, Sanin (Senaun) clained a nenbership of 9,000 for the Party and 100.000 for the Sarekat Rakjat on the eve of outbreak of the rebellion, (Sanin, op. cit., 1246); At the V World Congress cf the Conintorn in 1924, "Report of Comrade Piatnitsky on the Organisation Question," placed the nunber of connunists in Java at 2,000. (Inprecorr., 4 (12 Aug. 1924) 607).

150. "Political Note concerning the Indonesian Communist Party: Report where -in is summed up information which has come to light concerning the action of the Partij Kommunist Indonesia (Netherlands.Indies Coramunistr Party), a section of the Third International from July 1925 up to and' including December 1926." Tert in Harry J. Benda and Ruth T. McVey (Editors) The Communist Uprisings of 1926-27 in Indonesias Key Documents (New York, 1960) 18.

151. Kahin, op. cit., 80.

152. Benda and McVey (Editors), op. cit., Introduction by the editors, xxiii.

153. Bergsma, "The Sharpening of the Class War in Indonesia," Inprecorr., 5 (5 March 1925) 261.

154. "Bergsma, "The Revolutionary Movement in Java," Iriprecorr., 5 (8 October 1925) 1088.

155. Kahin notes that "in general the social base of the Communist movement shrank greatly during 1925" Kahin, op. cit., 78.

156. Sitorus, op, cit., 30.

157. Inprccorr., 5 (12 November 1925) 1215.

158. Kahin, op. cit., 80. Sitorus writes about this meeting as follows: "Towards the close of 1925, a meeting of PKI's important leaders was held in Solo to plan a revolution," op. cit., 30.

159. Kahin, op, cit., 80-3, On this question B. Schrieke had written as follows in a report for the Dutch Indies Government in 1928: "This attitude of Tan Malaka's which was not shared by Alinin and Muso, gaverise to discord among the leaders. They hesitated - hesitated so long that a Revolutionary Committee finally wrested leadership from the hands of the party executive." (p.93) This report has been reprinted as "The Causes and Effects of Communism on the West Coast of Sumatra," in B. Schrieke's Indonesian Sociological Studies, Part I. (The Hague and Bandung, 1955)

160. Gerard Vanter, "The Insurrection in Java." Inprecorr., 6 (25 November 1926) 1391.

161. Pringgodigdo, op. cit,, 44 and G.J. Van Munster, "The Background and History of the Insurrection in Java," 6 (16 December 1926) 1498.

162. Munster, op. cit., 1498-9.

163. Ibid., 1498.

164. Written reply to the author's questions by the Section Committee of the PKI in Madiun Town, 20 June 1958.

165. Sitorus, op. cit., 30.

166. Schrieke, op. cit., 94.

167. Roeslan Abdulgani, "Parties and Parliament," in Basic Information on Indonesia (Djakarta, Ministry of Information, 1953) 33-4.

168. Ibid., 34.

169. "Manifesto of the E.C.C.I. on the Insurrection in Indonesia," Inprecorr., 6 (25 November 1926) 390. E.C.C.I. stands for the Executive Committee of the Communist International.

170. Ninth Session, 25 July 1928, Inprecorr., 8 (11 August 1928) 849.

171. Ibid., 849,

172. "The E.C.C.I. on the Tasks of the Communists in Indonesia," Inprecorr., 7 (8 December 1927) 1562-3.

173. Ibid., 1562.

174. Sarain (Senaun),op. cit., 1246.

175. Aidit, A Short History of the Communist Party of Indonesia 9-11.

176. Njoto, in Review of Indonesia (Djakarta) 5, (December ,1958) 4.

This journal is the monthly organ of the Central, Committee of the PKI.

177. Benda and McVey, op, cit., xxxi.