Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T21:28:06.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Self-Reliance Versus the Welfare State*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2009

Robert E. Goodin
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in Government, University of Essex.

Abstract

Arguments for replacing the welfare state with more ‘self-reliance’ are morally questionable. Relying upon state assistance is importantly different from merely receiving it. Furthermore, ‘self-reliance’ as it is currently advocated amounts to reliance upon families. They must necessarily have discretionary control over needed resources in a way that state administrators of ‘welfare rights’ need not; and that makes those vulnerabilities morally more objectionable than equally heavy reliance upon state services.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, E. (1934), ‘Abolish the pauper laws’. Social Service Review, 8:1, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, E. (1940), Public Assistance, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (1977), ‘The impact on the family relationships of the elderly of changes since Victorian times in governmental income-maintenance provision’, in Shanas, E. and Sussman, M.B. (eds), Family, Bureaucracy and the Elderly, Duke University Press, Durham, pp.3569.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (1978), Welfare, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Atiyah, P.S. (1979), The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract, Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bane, M.J. (1983), ‘Is the welfare state replacing the family?Public Interest, 70, 91101.Google Scholar
Banfield, E.C. (1970), The Unheavenly City, Little Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Bentham, J. (1789), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Athlone Press, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, P.L. (1976), ‘In praise of particularity: The concept of mediating structure’, Review of Politics, 38:3, 399410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, P.L. and Neuhaus, R.J. (1977), To Empower People, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Berlin, S.B. and Jones, L.E. (1983), ‘Life after welfare: ADFC termination among long-term recipients’, Social Service Review, 57:3, 378402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, B. (1982), ‘Shouldn't low-income fathers support their children?’, Public Interest, 66, 5571.Google Scholar
Beveridge, W.H. (1942), Social Insurance and Allied Services, Cmd 6404, HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Beyrer, J.B. and Tevald, E. (1956). ‘Responsibility of grandparents of children receiving aid to dependent children: A study’. Social Service Review, 30:4, 428–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Blomfield, C. (1834), The Poor Law Report of 1834, Penguin, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Bond, F.A., Baber, R.E., Vieg, J.A., Perry, L.B., Schaff, A.H. and Lee, L.J. Jr. (1954), Our Needy Aged, Henry Holt, New York.Google Scholar
Booth, C. (1891), ‘Enumeration and classification of paupers, and state pensions for the aged’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 54, 600–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, C. (1892), Pauperism and the Endowment of Old Age, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Booth, C. (1894), The Aged Poor in England and Wales, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Bosanquet, H. (1909), The Poor Law Report of 1909, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973), ‘Self-reliance and some conditions that promote it’, in Gosing, R. (ed.), Support, Innovation and Autonomy, Tavistock, London, pp.2348.Google Scholar
Brown, C.V. (1980), Taxation and the Incentive to Work, Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Brown, J.D. (1956), ‘The American philosophy of social insurance’, Social Service Review, 39:1, 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.D. (1960), ‘The role of social insurance in the United States’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 14, 107–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, E.M. (1956), Social Security and Public Policy, McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Cass, B. (1981), ‘Wages, women and children’, in Henderson, R.F. (ed.), The Welfare Stakes: Strategies for Australian Social Policy, Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, pp.4583.Google Scholar
Chambers, D.L. (1979), Making Fathers Pay: Enforcement of Child Support, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Chaney, F.M. (1983). ‘Opening address’, in Dixon, J. and Jayasuriya, D.L. (eds) (1983), Social Policy in the 1980s, Canberra College of Advanced Education, Canberra, pp.16.Google Scholar
Coggan, F.D. (1976), ‘The family in Britain today’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Lords). 5th series, 371, 1257–68.Google Scholar
Cornuelle, R.C. (1965), Reclaiming the American Dream. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Danziger, S., Haveman, R. and Plotnick, R. (1981), ‘How income transfer programs affect work, savings and income distribution’, Journal of Economic Literature, 19:3, 9751028.Google Scholar
Dean, M. (1983a), ‘Ministers plan to reshape the welfare state’, Guardian Weekly, 128:9, 5.Google Scholar
Dean, M. (1983b), ‘The Cabinet's secret brainchild’, Guardian Weekly, 128:9, 5.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. (1980), ‘Social effects of taxation’, in Wilkes, J. (ed.). The Politics of Taxation, Hodder and Stoughton, Sydney.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Z.R. (1982), ‘The sexual polítícs of the New Right’, Signs, 7:3, 567–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, R.W. (1841), ‘Self-reliance’, in Slater, J., Ferguson, A.R. and Carr, J.F. (eds), The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Volume 2, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp.2551.Google Scholar
Engberg, L.A., Hansen, G., Welker, R.L. and Thomas, D.R. (1972), ‘The pigeon in a welfare state’, presented to the Psychonomic Society Conference, St Louis, Missouri. Published as ‘Acquisition of key-pecking via autoshaping as a function of prior experience: “Learned laziness”?’, Science, 178:4064, 1002–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferber, R. and Hirsch, W.Z. (1978), ‘Social experimentation and economic policy’, Journal of Economic Literature. 16:4, 1379–414.Google Scholar
Fisher, J.D., DePaulo, B.M. and Nadler, A. (1981), ‘Extending altruism beyond the altruistic act: The mixed effects of aid on the help recipient’, in Rushton, J.P. and Sorrentino, R.M. (eds), Altruism and Helping Behavior, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp.367422.Google Scholar
Fisher, J.D. and Nadler, A. (1976), ‘Effect of donor resources on recipient self-esteem and self-help’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12:2, 139–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, J.D., Nadler, A. and Whitcher-Alanga, S. (1982), ‘Recipient reactions to aid: A conceptual review’, Psychological Bulletin, 91:1, 2759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankfather, D.L., Smith, M.J. and Caro, F.G. (1981), Family Care of the Elderly, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, Lexington, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Freemantle, C.W. (1892), ‘Opening address of the president of section F (economic science and statistics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 55, 415–36.Google Scholar
Galtung, J. (1980), ‘Self-reliance: Concepts, practice and rationale’, in Galtung, J., O'brien, P. and Preiswerk, R. (eds), Self-Reliance: A Strategy for Development, Bogle-L'Ouverture for Institute of Development Studies, London, pp. 1944.Google Scholar
Gamzu, E. and Williams, D.A. (1973), ‘Pitfalls of organismic concepts: “Learned laziness”’, Science, 181:4097, 367–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfinkel, I. and Uhr, E. (1984), ‘A new approach to child support’, Public Interest, 75, 111–22.Google Scholar
and, K. M. Gergen (1971). ‘International assistance in psychological perspective’, Yearbook of World Affairs, 25, 87103.Google Scholar
Gibson, D.M. (1984), ‘The dormouse syndrome: Restructuring the dependency of the elderly’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glazer, N. (1971), ‘The limits of social policy’, Commentary, 52:3, 51–8.Google Scholar
Glazer, N. (1983), ‘Towards a self-service society?Public Interest, 70, 6690.Google Scholar
Goode, W.J. (1963). World Revolution and Family Patterns, Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.Google Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (1982), Political Theory and Public Policy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (1984), ‘Negating positive desert claims’. Political Theory, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (1985), Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Gruen, F.H. (1983), ‘The welfare expenditure debate’, Economic Record, 58:162, 207–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gummer, B. (1979), ‘On helping and helplessness: The structure of discretion in the American welfare system’, Social Service Review, 53:2, 214–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, J.L. (1982), ‘Whatever happened to 43 Elizabeth I, c.2 ?’, Social Service Review, 56:1, 108–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, K. (1981), ‘State pensions and the growth of social welfare expenditure’, Journal of Social Policy, 10:4. 503–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, K. and Matthews, J. (1980), Charging for Social Care, Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
and, R.L.Kane, R. A. (1979), Alternatives to Institutional Care of the Elderly, RAND Paper P-6256, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.Google Scholar
Keniston, K. (1977), All Our Children, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar
Krepps, J.M. (1965), ‘The economics of intergenerational relationships’, in Shanas, E. and Streib, G.R. (eds). Social Structure and the Family, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp.267–88.Google Scholar
Krepps, J.M. (1977), ‘Intergenerational transfers and the bureaucracy’, in Shanas, E. and Sussman, M.B. (eds), Family, Bureaucracy and the Elderly, Duke University Press, Durham, pp.2134.Google Scholar
Kunreuther, H. (1978), Disaster Insurance Protection: Public Policy Lessons, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Land, H. (1975), ‘The introduction of family allowances: An act of historical justice?’, in Hall, P. (ed.). Change, Choice and Conflict in Social Policy, Heinemann, London, pp.157230.Google Scholar
Land, H. (1978), ‘Who cares for the family?’, Journal of Social Policy, 7:3, 257–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, H. (1979), ‘The boundaries between the state and the family’, in Harris, C. (ed.). The Sociology of the Family, Sociological Review Monograph no. 28, Sociological Review, Keele, pp.141–59.Google Scholar
Lane, R.E. (1982), ‘Government and self-esteem’, Political Theory, 10:1, 531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, J. Grand (1982), The Strategy of Equality, Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Lewis, M.T. (1975), Values in Australian Income Security Policies, Australian Government Commission of Inquiry into Poverty, Research Report, Series 4, AGPS, Canberra.Google Scholar
Lipsky, M. (1980), Street-Level Bureaucracy, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.Google Scholar
Litwak, E. (1965), ‘Extended kin relations in an industrial democratic society’, in Shanas, E. and Streib, G.R. (eds). Social Structure and the Family, Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey, pp.290323.Google Scholar
Lyon, D.W. (1976), The Dynamics of Welfare Dependency: A Survey, RAND paper P-5769, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.Google Scholar
Maimonides, M. (1168), The Code of Maimonides (Misheneh Torah), trans. Klein, I., Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Malthus, T.R. (1826), An Essay on the Principle of Population, sixth edition, John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Marshall, A. (1892), ‘Discussion of Mr Booth's (1891) paper’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 55, 60–3.Google Scholar
Marshall, T.H. (1981), The Right of Welfare and Other Essays, Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Mill, J.S. (1848), Principles of Political Economy, Parker and Son, London.Google Scholar
Mill, J.S. (1869), The Subjection of Women, Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, O.S. and Fields, G.S. (1982), ‘The effects of pensions and earnings on retirement: A review essay’, Research in Labor Economics, 5, 115–55.Google Scholar
Mondale, W.F., Bentsen, L. and Ribicoff, A. (1974), ‘Senate Report no. 93–1356: Social Security Amendments of 1974’, United States Code: Congressional and Administrative News (93rd Congress, 2nd Session), vol. 4, pp.8133–60.Google Scholar
Moynihan, D.P. (1973), The Politics of a Guaranteed National Income, Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Neaves, C. (1871), ‘Opening address of the president of section F (economic science and statistics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 34, 461–75.Google Scholar
Nelson, B. (1981), ‘Help-seeking from public authorities: Who arrives at the agency door?Policy Sciences, 12:2, 175–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Planning council (NZPC)(1979), The Welfare State? Social Policy in the 1980s. NZPC no.12, NZPC, Wellington, New Zealand.Google Scholar
NZPC (1981), Directions, NZPC no. 18, NZPC, Wellington.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M.C. (1984), The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Rational Self-Sufficiency in Greek Ethical Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Obler, J. (1981), ‘Private giving in the welfare state’, British Journal of Political Science, 11:1, 1748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)(1981), The Welfare State in Crisis, OECD, Paris.Google Scholar
Page, B.I. (1983), Who Gets What from Government, University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passmore, J. (1981), The Limits of Government, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.Google Scholar
Petre, C. (1978), ‘Maintenance default or maintenance at fault?’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 13:4, 314–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, R. (1979), The Idea of Welfare, Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Portes, A.(1972), ‘Rationality in the slum’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14:3, 268–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainwater, L. and W.L. Yancey (eds)(1967). The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy, MTT Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Reich, C. (1964), ‘The new property’, Yale Law Journal, 73:5, 773–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rein, M. (1965), Social Policy, Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Rein, M. and Rainwater, L. (1978), ‘Patterns of welfare use’, Social Service Review, 52:4, 511–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, S.M. (1976), ‘“Rights” v. “needs”: American attitudes toward women, children and family’, in Kristol, I. and Weaver, P. (eds). The Americans: 1976, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, Lexington, Massachusetts, pp.5185.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J.-J. (1762), Emile, trans. Foxley, B., Dent, London.Google Scholar
Rydell, C.P., Palmerio, T., Blais, G. and Brown, D. (1974), Welfare Caseload Dynamics in New York City, RAND Report R-1441–NYC, New York City RAND Institute, New York.Google Scholar
Sackville, R. (1975), Law and Poverty in Australia, Australian Government Commission of Inquiry into Poverty, Second Main Report, AGPS, Canberra.Google Scholar
Schorr, A.L. (1960), Filial Responsibility in the Modern American Family, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Division of Program Research. GPO, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Schreiner, P. (1981), ‘Economic prospects and some implications for social policies development’, in OECD, The Welfare State in Crisis, OECD, Paris, pp.110–19.Google Scholar
Seligman, E.P. (1975), Helplessness, Freeman, San Francisco.Google ScholarPubMed
Shanas, E. and Streib, G.F. (eds) (1965), Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Shanas, E. and Sussman, M.B. (eds) (1977), Family, Bureaucracy and the Elderly, Duke University Press, Durham.Google Scholar
Sidgwick, H. (1874), The Methods of Ethics, seventh edition, Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Smiles, S. (1859). Self-Help, John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1949), ‘Public assistance as a social obligation’. Harvard Law Review, 63:2, 266–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.D. (1955), The Right to Life, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Sniderman, P.M. and Brody, R.A. (1977), ‘Coping: The ethics of self-reliance’, American Journal of Political Science, 21:3, 501–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, H. (1894), The Study of Sociology, Williams and Northgate, London.Google Scholar
Steiner, G.Y. (1981), The Futility of Family Policy, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Sugden, R. (1982), ‘Hard luck stories: The problem of the uninsured in a laissez-faire society’, Journal of Social Policy, 11:2, 201–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, W.G. (1883), What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Sundstrom, G. (1982), ‘The elderly, women's work and social security costs’, Acta Sociologica, 25:1, 2138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titmuss, R.M. (1958), Essays on the Welfare State, Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Titmuss, R.M. (1971), ‘Welfare ‘rights’, law and discretion’, Political Quarterly, 42:2, 113–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, P. (1957), The Family Life of Old People, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Tulloch, P. (1983), ‘Workforce exclusion and dependency’, in Dixon, J. and Jayasuriya, D.L. (eds), Social Policy in the 1980s, Canberra College of Advanced Education, Canberra, pp.2337.Google Scholar
Tulloch, P. (1984), ‘Gender and dependency’, in Broom, D. (ed.), Unfinished Business: Social Justice for Women in Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney.Google Scholar
Updike, J. (1984), ‘Emersonianism’, New Yorker, 60:23, 112–32.Google Scholar
van Lennep, E. (1981), ‘Opening address’, in OECD, The Welfare State in Crisis, OECD, Paris, pp.912.Google Scholar
Weinrib, E.J. (1980), ‘The case for a duty to rescue’, Yale Law Journal, 90:2, 247–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, B.B. (1978), ‘The dependency hang-up and experiments in alternative life-styles’, in Yinger, J.M. and Cutler, S.J. (eds), Major Social Issues, Free Press, New York, pp.217–36.Google Scholar
Winston, M.P. and Forsher, T. (1971), Nonsupport of Legitimate Children by Affluent Fathers as a Cause of Poverty and Welfare Dependence, RAND Paper P-4665, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.Google Scholar