Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T10:27:13.102Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Association of e-cigarette use and smoking cessation among Canadian young adult smokers: secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2020

Arti Saxena ,
Neill Bruce Baskerville Open the ORCID record for Neill Bruce Baskerville [Opens in a new window]  and
John M. Garcia
Arti Saxena
Affiliation:
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Neill Bruce Baskerville*
Affiliation:
Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
John M. Garcia
Affiliation:
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Neill Bruce Baskerville, E-mail: bruce.baskerville@oahpp.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aims

This study examined the reasons for e-cigarette (EC) use, changes in self-efficacy and association between EC use and cessation of tobacco among Canadian young adult smokers over a 6-month period.

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of young adult Canadian smokers. EC exposure was defined as persistent, transient and non-use of ECs at baseline and follow-up. The association between EC exposure and cessation was examined using logistic regression and adjusting for co-variates.

Results

At 6-month follow-up, persistent EC use was associated with a lower cessation rate (13%) than transient (23%) or non-use (29%). After adjusting for covariates, non-use and transient use were associated with higher odds of cessation than persistent use (AOR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.41–7.40, P < 0.01; AOR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.01–5.58, P < 0.05). At 6-month follow-up, persistent users (68%) had high self-efficacy as compared to transient (15%) or non-use (12%). Top reasons for EC use included use as a quit aid (67%), perceived use as less harmful (52%) and taste (32%).

Conclusions

Among young adult Canadian smokers enrolled in a RCT of a cessation intervention, persistent and transient use of ECs was associated with a lower smoking cessation rate at 6 months.

Keywords

E-cigaretteselectronic nicotine delivery systemssmoking cessationyouth and young adults
Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 50 - 58
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baskerville, N. B., Struik, L. L., Guindon, G. E., Norman, C. D., Whittaker, R., Burns, C., … Brown, K. S. (2018). Effect of a mobile phone intervention on quitting smoking in a young adult population of smokers: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(10), e10893. doi:10.2196/10893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskerville, N. B., Struik, L. L., Hammond, D., Guindon, G. E., Norman, C. D., Whittaker, R., … Brown, K. S. (2015). Effect of a mobile phone intervention on quitting smoking in a young adult population of smokers: Randomized controlled trial study protocol. JMIR Research Protocols, 4(1), e10. doi:10.2196/resprot.3823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, D. A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 464–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Foulds, J., Hecht, S. S., Jacob, P., Jarvis, M. J., …Piper, M. E. (2019). Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1–12. https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntz132/5579733.Google ScholarPubMed
Borderud, S. P., Li, Y., Burkhalter, J. E., Sheffer, C. E., & Ostroff, J. S. (2014). Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: Characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer, 120(22), 3527–3535. doi:10.1002/cncr.28811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandon, K. O., Simmons, V. N., Meltzer, L. R., Drobes, D. J., Martínez, Ú, Sutton, S. K., … Brandon, T. H. (2019). Vaping characteristics and expectancies are associated with smoking cessation propensity among dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes. Addiction. 114(5), 896-906. doi:10.1111/add.14551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Scientific Working Group. (2018). Canadian Substance use costs and harms (2007–2014). (prepared by the canadian institute for substance use research and the canadian centre on substance use and addiction.). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction.Google Scholar
Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Morjaria, J. B., Caruso, M., Russo, C., & Polosa, R. (2013). Efficiency and safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: A prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PloS One, 8(6), e66317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, E., Nemeth, J. M., Wermert, A., Conroy, S., Shoben, A., Ferketich, A. K., & Wewers, M. E. (2017). A descriptive report of electronic cigarette use after participation in a community-based tobacco cessation trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 20, 135–139. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovenco, D. P., & Delnevo, C. D. (2018). Prevalence of population smoking cessation by electronic cigarette use status in a national sample of recent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 129–134. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A. L., Cha, S., Cobb, N. K., Fang, Y., Niaura, R. S., & Mushro, A. (2013). Impact of seasonality on recruitment, retention, adherence, and outcomes in a web-based smoking cessation intervention: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(11), e249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grana, R., Benowitz, N., & Glantz, S. A. (2014). E-cigarettes: A scientific review. Circulation, 129(19), 1972–1986. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gwaltney, C. J., Metrik, J., Kahler, C. W., & Shiffman, S. (2009). Self-efficacy and smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(1), 56–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajek, P., Phillips-Waller, A., Przulj, D., Pesola, F., Myers Smith, K., Bisal, N., … McRobbie, H. J. (2019). A randomized trial of E-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(7), 629–637. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1808779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, D., Wackowski, O. A., Reid, J. L., O'Connor, R. J., & International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) team. (2018). Use of JUUL e-cigarettes among youth in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 1-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30371838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann-Boyce, J., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Stead, L. F., & Hajek, P. (2016). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub3.Google ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., Rickert, W., & Robinson, J. (1989). Measuring the heaviness of smoking: Using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. British Journal of Addiction, 84(7), 791–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hitchman, S. C., Brose, L. S., Brown, J., Robson, D., & McNeill, A. (2015). Associations between E-cigarette type, frequency of use, and quitting smoking: Findings from a longitudinal online panel survey in Great Britain. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17(10), 1187–1194. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116–128. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandel, D., & Kandel, E. (2015). The gateway hypothesis of substance abuse: Developmental, biological and societal perspectives. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 104(2), 130–137. doi:10.1111/apa.12851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, H. C., & Kupfer, D. J. (2006). Size of treatment effects and their importance to clinical research and practice. Biological Psychiatry, 59(11), 990–996. doi:S0006-3223(05)01210-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulik, M. C., Lisha, N. E., & Glantz, S. A. (2018). E-cigarettes associated with depressed smoking cessation: A cross-sectional study of 28 European union countries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, 603–609. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, A., Etter, J. F., Farsalinos, K., Hajek, P., le Houezec, J., & McRobbie, H. (2014). A critique of a world health organization-commissioned report and associated paper on electronic cigarettes. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 109(12), 2128–2134. doi:10.1111/add.12730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehra, V. M., Keethakumar, A., Bohr, Y. M., Abdullah, P., & Tamim, H. (2019). The association between alcohol, marijuana, illegal drug use and current use of e-cigarette among youth and young adults in Canada: Results from Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2017. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1208. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7546-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (Ed.). (2018). Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24952.Google Scholar
Pokhrel, P., Herzog, T. A., Muranaka, N., & Fagan, P. (2015). Young adult e-cigarette users’ reasons for liking and not liking e-cigarettes: A qualitative study. Psychology & Health, 30(12), 1450–1469. doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1061129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehm, J., Gnam, W., Popova, S., Baliunas, D., Brochu, S., Fischer, B., … Taylor, B. (2007). The costs of alcohol, illegal drugs, and tobacco in Canada, 2002. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(6), 866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, J. L., Hammond, D., Tariq, U., Burkhalter, R., Rynard, V. L., & Douglas, O. (2019). Tobacco use in Canada: Patterns and trends. Waterloo, ON: Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo.Google Scholar
Ruther, T., Wissen, F., Linhardt, A., Aichert, D. S., Pogarell, O., & de Vries, H. (2016). Electronic cigarettes-attitudes and use in Germany. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 18(5), 660–669. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8(1), 3–15. doi:10.1177/096228029900800102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, S., & Diehl, K. (2016). Vaping as a catalyst for smoking? An initial model on the initiation of electronic cigarette use and the transition to tobacco smoking among adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 18(5), 647–653. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snow, E., Johnson, T., Ossip, D. J., Williams, G. C., Ververs, D., Rahman, I., & McIntosh, S. (2018). Does E-cigarette use at baseline influence smoking cessation rates among 2-year college students? Journal of Smoking Cessation, 13(2), 110–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spek, V., Lemmens, F., Chatrou, M., van Kempen, S., Pouwer, F., & Pop, V. (2013). Development of a smoking abstinence self-efficacy questionnaire. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 444–449. doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9229-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szucs, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2017). Empirical assessment of published effect sizes and power in the recent cognitive neuroscience and psychology literature. PLoS Biology, 15(3), e2000797. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Retrieved from https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf.Google Scholar
Vickerman, K. A., Carpenter, K. M., Altman, T., Nash, C. M., & Zbikowski, S. M. (2013). Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 15(10), 1787–1791. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, S. R., Huang, J., Pechacek, T. F., Heath, J. W., Ashley, D. L., & Eriksen, M. P. (2018). Are electronic nicotine delivery systems helping cigarette smokers quit? Evidence from a prospective cohort study of U.S. Adult smokers, 2015-2016. PLoS One, 13(7), e0198047. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, J. C., Villanti, A. C., Graham, A. L., Mays, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Higgins, S. T. (2019). Tobacco use and cessation behaviors in young adults: 2016 national health interview survey. American Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 296–299. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zawertailo, L., Pavlov, D., Ivanova, A., Ng, G., Baliunas, D., & Selby, P. (2017). Concurrent E-cigarette use during tobacco dependence treatment in primary care settings: Association with smoking cessation at three and six months. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19, 183–189. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhuang, Y. L., Cummins, S. E., Sun, J. Y., & Zhu, S. H. (2016). Long-term e-cigarette use and smoking cessation: A longitudinal study with US population. Tobacco Control, 25(Suppl 1), i90–i95. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed