1. Weiss, Thomas G. and Wilkinson, Rorden, “Rethinking Global Governance: Complexity, Authority, Power, Change,” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2014): 207–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Weiss, Thomas and Wilkinson, Rorden, “Global Governance to the Rescue: Saving International Relations?” Global Governance 20 (2014): 19–36.Google Scholar

2. This description of the regions within and outside the world’s largest interrelated trading area follows Jeffrey Frieden, “Will Global Capitalism Fall Again?” Brussels, Bruegel Essay and Lecture Series, 29 June 2006.

3. Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, Manifesto of the Communist Party, trans. Moore, Samuel (Chicago, 1910), 17–18.Google Scholar

4. Rostow, W. W., The British Economy of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948), 12, 23.Google Scholar

5. Lyons, F. S. L., Internationalism in Europe, 1815–1914 (Leiden, 1963)Google Scholar; Murphy, Craig N., International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance since 1850 (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Auger, Jan François, Bouma, Jan Jaap, and Künneke, Rolf, eds., Internationalization of Infrastructures (Delft, 2009)Google Scholar; Reinalda, Bob, Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day (London, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Murphy, International Organization and Industrial Change, 7; Rodrique, Jean-Paul, The Geography of Transport Systems, 3rd ed. (London, 2013), 42–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7. Djelic, Marie-Laure and Quack, Sigrid, “Transnational Communities and Governance,” in Transnational Communities: Shaping Global Economic Governance, ed. Djelic, and Quack, (Cambridge, 2010), 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. See, e.g., Abbott, Kenneth and Snidal, Duncan, “The Governance Triangle: Regulatory Standards Institutions in the Shadow of the State,” in The Politics of Global Regulation, ed. Mattli, Walter and Woods, Ngaire (Princeton, 2009), 44–88Google Scholar; and Bernstein, Steven, “When Is Non-State Global Governance Really Governance?” Utah Law Review (2010): 91–114.Google Scholar

9. Each of these fields is considered in the book we are currently working on, JoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy, Standards Bearers: Engineers and the Industrial Standardization Movement, 1900 to the Present.

10. Mathiason, John, Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions (London, 2009).Google Scholar

11. See their press release, “Leading Global Standards Organizations Endorse ‘OpenStand’ Principles that Drive Innovation and Borderless Commerce,” 29 August 2012, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120828006713/en/Leading-Global-Standards-Organizations-Endorse-‘OpenStand’-Principles.

12. Ian Stewart, Standardization Association of Australia Monthly Information Sheet, April 1977, 4, quoted in Higgins, Winton, Engine of Change: Standards Australia since 1922 (Blackheath, Australia, 2005), 144.Google Scholar

13. IEC, “Publication 24: Fourth Annual Report,” London, August 1913, 24, IEC Records, Geneva. On Le Maistre’s role, see Yates, JoAnne and Murphy, Craig N., “Charles Le Maistre: Entrepreneur in International Standardization,” Enterprises et Histoire 51 (2008): 10–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14. JoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy, “The Role of Firms in Industrial Standard Setting: Participation, Process, and Balance,” MIT Sloan School Working Paper 5124–14, 17 February 2015.

15. Murphy, Craig N. and Yates, JoAnne, The International Organization for Standardization: Global Governance through Voluntary Consensus (London, 2009), 9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16. Mazower, Mark, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (New York, 2012), 94–114.Google Scholar

17. Murphy, International Organization and Industrial Change, 71–81.

18. IEC, “Report of Preliminary Meeting,” London, 26–27 June 1906, 10Google Scholar.

19. Mathiason, Internet Governance, 150.