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Treating Addiction or Reducing Crime? Methadone Maintenance and Drug Policy Under the Nixon Administration
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 December 2016
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- Copyright © Donald Critchlow and Cambridge University Press 2017
Footnotes
The author would like to thank Naomi Rogers and Robert Aronowitz for their insightful comments and mentorship. Matthew Gambino and the participants at the Yale School of Medicine’s Psychiatry and Culture from a Historical Perspective working group offered helpful feedback and valuable discussion. David Courtwright generously shared from his vast knowledge and experience in the field of drug history. The author is also grateful to the four anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.
References
NOTES
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35. “The Department of Corrections Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Corps,” undated, no author (although presumed to be Robert DuPont). RG 60, Records of the Department of Justice—Office of Criminal Justice Subject Files, 1969–73—Narcotics Treatment Administration, Box 14, Folder NTA, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md. (Hereafter cited as NTA, NARA).
36. Ibid., 22.
37. DuPont, “Heroin Addiction and Crime,” 91; DuPont, “Heroin Addiction in the Nation’s Capital, 1966–1973,” in One Hundred Years of Heroin, 69; DuPont, “Urban Crime and the Rapid Development of a Large Heroin Addiction Treatment Program,” Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Methadone Treatment (New York, 1970), 117.
38. “The Department of Corrections Narcotic Addict,” NTA, NARA, 23.
39. See Clark, “‘Chemistry is the New Hope,’” for the developing relations between methadone treatment advocates and therapeutic communities.
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46. At that point, 55 percent of individuals treated by the NTA were receiving methadone maintenance therapy, 20 percent were in outpatient methadone-based detoxification, and an additional 25 percent were abstinent. DuPont, “Heroin Addiction and Crime,” 92.
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49. Massing, The Fix, 100–101.
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51. Letter, Vincent Dole to Senator Joseph Tydings, 12 June 1970, reproduced in CD-ROM.
52. Robert L. DuPont’s Statement, Narcotics Research, Rehabilitation, and Treatment: Hearings Before the Select Committee on Crime, House of Representatives, 92nd Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C., 1971), 143.
53. Ibid., 144.
54. Ibid., 145.
55. Ibid., 150.
56. Ibid., 151.
57. For an analysis of the spatial and social dimensions of heroin abuse in inner cities, see Schneider, Smack. For DuPont’s use of the epidemic metaphor, see, for instance, DuPont, “Coming to Grips,” and DuPont, “Profile of an Epidemic.”
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63. DuPont, “Coming to Grips,” 47.
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71. Courtwright, Dark Paradise, 172.
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73. Musto and Korsmeyer, Quest for Drug Control, 81.
74. “Report of an Ad Hoc White House Committee on the Treatment and Prevention of Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse,” 23 December 1970, reproduced in CD-ROM.
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83. Ibid., 46.
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85. Courtwright, Dark Paradise, 172.
86. Ibid., 171; Egil Krogh, “Heroin Politics and Policy under President Nixon,” in Musto, One Hundred Years of Heroin, 42.
87. Courtwright et al., Addicts Who Survived, 145.
88. Epstein, Agency of Fear, 137.
89. Ibid., 212–20; Musto and Korsmeyer, Quest for Drug Control, 107–23; Kuzmarov, Myth of the Addicted Army, 112–14; Milton Heumann and Lance Cassak, Good Cop, Bad Cop: Racial Profiling and Competing Views of Justice in America (New York, 2003), 24–27.
See also Dennis Montgomery, “The Night of Terror: ‘We Made a Mistake,’” Washington Post, 30 April 1973, A6; Paul Galloway, “Trying the Drug Raiders: 10 Agents Found Innocent in Botched Collinsville Entries,” Washington Post, 7 April 1974, B7.
90. Musto and Korsmeyer, Quest for Drug Control, 124; Goldberg, “Federal Government’s Response,” 42; “Richard Nixon: Remarks at the First National Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime Conference,” 11 September 1973. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3958.
91. Kirk Scharfenberg, “Methadone Overdose Kills Youth: Methadone Overdose Kills D.C. Youth, 18,” Washington Post, 18 August 1973.
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98. Ibid., 132.
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100. Ibid., 133–35.
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102. Ibid.
103. Bourgois and Schonberg, Righteous Dopefiend, 287.
104. Courtwright, Dark Paradise, 173.
105. Epstein, Agency of Fear, 249; Goldberg, “Federal Government’s Response,” 45–46.
106. Massing, The Fix, 126–30; Musto and Korsmeyer, Quest for Drug Control, 123–24; Jaffe, Oral History, 144; Jack Nelson, “Top Antidrug Aide Will Be Replaced: He Wrote Memo Severely Critical of Nixon Proposal,” Los Angeles Times, 24 May 1973.
107. Frydl, The Drug Wars, 342–43; Joe Ritchie, “City Drug Unit Fears Budget Cuts: Number of Addicts Treated Is Rising, NTA Officials Say,” Washington Post, 17 February 1976, B2.
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