Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-02T22:19:10.079Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Smithian platform-bearing gondolellid conodonts from Yiwagou Section, northwestern China and implications for their geographic distribution in the Early Triassic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2019

Hanxiao Li ,
Haishui Jiang ,
Yanlong Chen ,
Paul B. Wignall ,
Baojin Wu ,
Zaitian Zhang ,
Muhui Zhang ,
Zhumin Ouyang  and
Xulong Lai
Hanxiao Li
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com>
Haishui Jiang
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com> State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
Yanlong Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Northwest University, North Taibai Road 229, Xi'an 710069, China
Paul B. Wignall
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Baojin Wu
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com>
Zaitian Zhang
Affiliation:
College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
Muhui Zhang
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com> State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
Zhumin Ouyang
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com>
Xulong Lai
Affiliation:
School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China <1241636995@qq.com> <1159418491@qq.com> State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Abundant platform-bearing gondolellid conodonts, including Scythogondolella mosheri (Kozur and Mostler), Sc. phryna Orchard and Zonneveld, and Sc. cf. milleri (Müller), have been discovered from the Yiwagou Section of Tewo, together with Novispathodus waageni waageni (Sweet) and Nv. w. eowaageni Zhao and Orchard. This is the first report of Smithian platform-bearing gondolellids from the Paleo-Tethys region. In addition, Eurygnathodus costatus Staesche, E. hamadai (Koike), Parafurnishius xuanhanensis Yang et al., and the genera Pachycladina Staesche, Parachirognathus Clark, and Hadrodontina Staesche have also been recovered from Dienerian to Smithian strata at Yiwagou Section. Three conodont zones are established, in ascending order: Eurygnathodus costatus-E. hamadai Assemblage Zone, Novispathodus waageni-Scythogondolella mosheri Assemblage Zone, and the Pachycladina-Parachirognathus Assemblage Zone.

The platform-bearing gondolellids were globally distributed just after the end-Permian mass extinction, but the formerly abundant Clarkina Kozur disappeared in the late Griesbachian. Platform-bearing gondolellids dramatically decreased to a minimum of diversity and extent in the Dienerian before recovering in the Smithian. Scythogondolella Kozur, probably a thermophilic and eurythermic genus, lived in all latitudes at this time whereas other genera did not cope with Smithian high temperatures and so became restricted to the high-latitude regions. However, the maximum temperature in the late Smithian likely caused the extinction of almost all platform-bearing gondolellids. Finally, the group returned to equatorial regions and achieved global distribution again in the cooler conditions of the late Spathian. We conclude that temperature (and to a lesser extent oxygen levels) exerted a strong control on the geographical distribution and evolution of platform-bearing gondolellids in the Early Triassic.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 93 , Issue 3 , May 2019 , pp. 496 - 511
Copyright
Copyright © 2019, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balini, M., Gavrilova, V.A., and Nicora, A., 2000, Biostratigraphical revision of the classic Lower Triassic Dolnapa section (Mangyshlak, west Kazakhstan): Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie 1998, v. 1, p. 1441–1462.Google Scholar
Bender, H., 1970, Zur Gliederung der mediterranen Trias II. Die Conodontenchronologie der Mediterranen Trias: Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, v. 19, p. 465–540.Google Scholar
Beranek, L.P., Mortensen, J.K., Orchard, M.J., and Ullrich, T., 2010, Provenance of North American Triassic strata from west-central and southeastern Yukon: correlations with coeval strata in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and Canadian Arctic Islands: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 53–73.Google Scholar
Berry, R., Burrett, C., and Banks, M., 1984, New Triassic faunas from East Timor and their tectonic significance: Geologica et Palaeontologica, Teil 18, p. 127–137.Google Scholar
Bondarenko, L.G., Zakharov, Y.D., Guravskaya, G.I., and Safronov, P.P., 2015, Lower Triassic zonation of southern Primorye. Article 2. First conodont findings in Churkites cf. syaskoi beds at the western coast of the Ussuri Gulf: Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, v. 9, p. 203–214.Google Scholar
Brayard, A., Escarguel, G., Bucher, H., and Brühwiler, T., 2009, Smithian and Spathian (Early Triassic) ammonoid assemblages from terranes: Paleoceanographic and paleogeographic implications: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 420–433.Google Scholar
Buryi, G.I., 1979, Lower Triassic Conodonts of Southern Primor'e: Moscow, Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akadamie Nauk SSSR, 142 p. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Carey, S.P., 1984, Conodont biofacies of the Triassic of northwestern Nevada, in Clark, D.L., ed., Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism: Geological Society of America Special Papers, v. 196, p. 295–306.Google Scholar
Chen, J.H., 2004, Macroevolution of Bivalvia after the end-Permian mass extinction in South China, in Rong, J.Y. and Fang, Z.J., eds., Mass Extinction and Recovery—Evidences from the Palaeozoic and Triassic of South China: Hefei, University of Science and Technology of China Press, p. 647–700.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Beatty, T.W., Henderson, C.M., and Rowe, H., 2009, Conodont biostratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Dawen section, Great Bank of Guizhou, Guizhou Province, South China: Implications for the Late Permian extinction and correlation with Meishan: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 442–458.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.L., Twitchett, R.J., Jiang, H.S., Richoz, S., Lai, X.L., Yan, C.B., Sun, Y.D., Liu, X.D., and Wang, L.N., 2013, Size variation of conodonts during the Smithian-Spathian (Early Triassic) global warming event: Geology, v. 41, p. 823–826.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.L., Jiang, H.S., Lai, X.L., Yan, C.B., Richoz, S., Liu, X.D., and Wang, L.N., 2015, Early Triassic conodonts of Jiarong, Nanpanjiang Basin, southern Guizhou Province, South China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 105, p. 104–121.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.L., Jurkovšek, T.K., Jurkovšek, B., Aljinović, D., and Richoz, S., 2016, Early Triassic conodonts and carbonate carbon isotope record of the Idrija–Žiri area, Slovenia: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 444, p. 84–100.Google Scholar
Clark, D.L., 1959, Conodonts from the Triassic of Nevada and Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 33, p. 305–312.Google Scholar
Clark, D.L., 1972, Early Permian crisis and its bearing on Permo-Triassic conodont taxonomy: Geologica et Palaeontologica, Sonderband, v. 1, p. 147–158.Google Scholar
Clark, D.L., and Mosher, L.C., 1966, Stratigraphic, geographic, and evolutionary development of the conodont Genus Gondolella: Journal of Paleontology, v. 40, p. 376–394.Google Scholar
Clark, D.L., Paul, R.K., Solien, M.A., and Morgan, W.A., 1979, Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in the Great Basin, in Sandberg, C.A., and Clark, D.L., eds., Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains, Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 26, p. 179–183.Google Scholar
Dagis, A.A., 1984, Early Triassic Conodonts from Northern Middle Siberia: Trudy Akademiia SSSR, Sibirskoe otdelenie Instituta Geologii I Geofiziki, v. 554, p. 3–69. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Dagis, A.A., and Korchinskaya, M.V., 1989, Triassic conodonts of Svalbard, in Dagis, A.S., and Dubatolov, V.N., eds., Upper Paleozoic and Triassic of Siberia:Trudy Akademiya Nauk SSSR Sibirskoe otdelenie Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, v. 732, p. 109–121. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Dong, Y.P., Zhang, X.N., Liu, X.M., Li, W., Chen, Q., Zhang, G.W., Zhang, H.F., Yang, Z., Sun, S., and Zhang, F.F., 2015, Propagation tectonics and multiple accretionary processes of the Qinling Oragen: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 104, p. 84–98.Google Scholar
Dzik, J., 1976, Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 21, p. 395–455.Google Scholar
Eichenberg, W., 1930, Conodonten aus dem Culm des Harzes: Palaontologische Zeitschrift, v. 12, p. 177–182.Google Scholar
Fang, Q., Zhang, H.J., Wang, X.L., and Wang, J.Y., 2013, The discovery of Early Triassic conodont in the Huashixia Area of Maduo County, Qinghai Province, NW China and its significance: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 30, p. 423–425. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Feng, Q.L., Du, Y.S., Zhang, Z.H. and Zeng, X.Y., 1994, Early Triassic radiolarian fauna of Tongbai region in Henan and its geologic significance: Earth Science, v. 19, p. 787–794. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Gaetani, M., Jacobshagen, V., Nicora, A., Kauffmann, G., Tselepidis, V., Sestini, N.F., Mertmann, D., and Coroneou, V.S., 1992, The Early-Middle Triassic boundary at Chios (Greece): Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 98, p. 181–204.Google Scholar
Goel, R.K., 1977, Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), India: Journal of Paleontology, v. 51, p. 1085–1101.Google Scholar
Golding, M.L., Orchard, M.J., Zonneveld, J.-P., Henderson, C.M., and Dunn, L., 2014, An exceptional record of the sedimentology and biostratigraphy of the Montney and Doig formations in British Columbia: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 62, p. 157–176.Google Scholar
Golding, M.L., Orchard, M.J., Zonneveld, J.-P., and Wilson, N.S.F., 2015, Determining the age and depositional model of the Doig Phosphate Zone in northeastern British Columbia using conodont biostratigraphy: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 63, p. 143–170.Google Scholar
Goudemand, N., Orchard, M.J., Tafforeau, P., Urdy, S., Brühwiler, T., Brayard, A., Galfetti, T., and Bucher, H., 2012, Early Triassic conodont clusters from South China: revision of the architecture of the 15 element apparatuses of the superfamily Gondolelloidea: Palaeontology, v. 55, p. 1021–1034.Google Scholar
Gu, Z.W., Huang, B.Y., Chen, C.Z., Wen, S.X., Ma, Q.H., Lan, X., Xu, J.T., Liu, L., Wang, S.M., Wang, D.Y., Qiu, R.Z., Huang, Z.Q., Zhang, Z.M., Chen, J.H., and Wu, P.L., 1976, Fossil Lamellibranchiata of China: Beijing, Science Press, 522 p. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Hallam, A., and Wignall, P.B., 1997, Mass Extinction and Their Aftermath: Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 320 p.Google Scholar
Hatleberg, W., and Clark, L.C., 1984, Lower Triassic conodonts and biofacies interpretations: Nepal and Svalbard: Geologica et Palaeontologica, v. 18, p. 101–125.Google Scholar
Hauer, F., 1850, Uber die von Herrn Bergrat W. Fuchs in den Venetianer Alpen Gesammelten Fossilien: Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, v. 2, p. 109–126.Google Scholar
Henderson, C.M., 1997, Uppermost Permian conodonts and the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 45, p. 693–707.Google Scholar
Henderson, C.M., and Mei, S., 2007, Geographical clines in Permian and Lower Triassic gondolellids and its role in taxonomy: Palaeoworld, v. 16, p. 190–201.Google Scholar
Henderson, C.M., Golding, M.L., and Orchard, M.J., 2018, Conodont sequence biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Montney Formation: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 66, p. 7–22.Google Scholar
Hsü, D.Y., 1939, A new study of the marine Triassic in Southern China: Geological Review, v. 5, p. 295–314. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Huang, Y.G., Chen, Z.Q., Wignall, P.B. and Shao, L.S., 2017, Latest Permian to Middle Triassic redox condition variations in ramp settings, South China: Pyrite framboid evidence: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 129, p. 229–243.Google Scholar
Igo, H., 1989, Mixed conodont elements from Hachiman Town, Mino Terrane, Central Japan: Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, N.S., no. 156, p. 270–285.Google Scholar
Jiang, H.S., Lai, X.L., Luo, G.M., Aldridge, R., Zhang, K.X., and Wignall, P.B., 2007, Restudy of conodont zonation and evolution across the P/T boundary at Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang, China: Global and Planetary Change, v. 55, p. 39–55.Google Scholar
Jiang, H.S., Lai, X.L., Yan, C.B., Aldridge, R.J., Wignall, P.B., and Sun, Y.D., 2011, Revised conodont across the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Shangsi Section, Guangyuan, Sichuan, South China: Global and Planetary Change, v. 77, p. 103–115.Google Scholar
Jiang, W., 1982, Upper Permian-Lower Triassic conodonts in Chongqing-Beibei Area and their significance in exploring oil and gas: Southwest Petroleum Institute Journal, v. 4, p. 12–24. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Jiang, W., Luo, Y.Q., Lu, T.Q., and Tian, C.R., 2000, The Lower Triassic conodonts and its significance to oil and gas exploration in Sichuan Basin: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 17, p. 99–109. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Klets, T.V., 1998, New conodont species from the Lower Triassic of the Kolyma River Watershed: News in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, no. 1, p. 113–121 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Klets, T.V., 2008, Paleogeographic regionalization of Triassic seas based on Conodontophorids: Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 16, p. 467–489.Google Scholar
Klets, T., and Kopylova, A., 2007, The problem of Triassic gondolellid conodont systematics (conodontophorida, conodonta), in Lucas, S.G., and Spielmann, J.A., eds., The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 41, p. 131–133.Google Scholar
Klets, T.V., and Yadrenkin, A.V., 2001, Conodonts from the Lower Triassic of the Kotel'nyi Island (Taxonomic Composition, Correlation): News in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, no. 4, p. 14–21. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Koike, T., 1982, Triassic conodont biostratigraphy in Kedah, West Malaysia: Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 23, p. 9–51.Google Scholar
Koike, T., 1996, The first occurrence of Griesbachian conodonts in Japan: Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, no. 181, p. 337–346.Google Scholar
Kolar-Jurkovšek, T., and Jurkovšek, B., 2015, Conodont zonation of Lower Triassic strata in Slovenia: Geologija, v. 58, p. 155–174.Google Scholar
Kolar-Jurkovšek, T., Chen, Y.L., Jurkovšek, B., Poljak, M., Aljinović, D., and Richoz, S., 2017, Conodont biostratigraphy of the Early Triassic in Eastern Slovenia: Paleontological Journal, v. 51, p. 687–703.Google Scholar
Konstantinov, A.G., Sobolev, E.S., and Yadrenkin, A.V., 2013, Triassic stratigraphy of the Eastern Laptev Sea coast and New Siberian Islands: Russian Geology and Geophysics, v. 54, p. 792–807.Google Scholar
Kozur, H.W., 1989a, The taxonomy of the gondolellid conodonts in the Permian and Triassic: Courier Forschunginstitut Senckenberg, v. 117, p. 409–469.Google Scholar
Kozur, H., 1989b, Significance of events in conodont evolution for the Permian and Triassic stratigraphy: Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, v. 117, p. 385–408.Google Scholar
Kozur, H., 2004, Pelagic uppermost Permian and the Permian-Triassic boundary conodonts of Iran. Part 1: Taxonomy: Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, v. 18, p. 39–68.Google Scholar
Kozur, H., and Mostler, H., 1976, Neue Conodonten aus dem Jungpaläozoikum und der Trias: Geologische Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, v. 6, p. 1–33.Google Scholar
Kozur, H.W., Moix, P., and Ozsvart, P., 2009, New Spumellaria (Radiolaria) from the early Tuvalian Spongotortilispinus moixi zone of southeastern Turkey, with some remarks on the age of this fauna: Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 149, p. 25–59.Google Scholar
Krystyn, L., and Orchard, M.J., 1996, Lowermost Triassic ammonoid and conodont biostratigraphy of Spiti, India: Albertiana, v. 17, p. 10–21.Google Scholar
Krystyn, L., Richoz, S., Baud, A., and Twitchett, R.J., 2003, A unique Permian-Triassic boundary section from the Neotethyan Hawasina Basin, Central Oman Mountains: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 191, p. 329–344.Google Scholar
Krystyn, L., Balini, M., and Nicora, A., 2004, Lower and Middle Triassic stage and substage boundaries in Spiti: Albertinana, v. 30, p. 40–53.Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., 1992, Conodont, in Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., Huang, Q.S., Yang, H.S., and Lai, X.L., eds., Triassic in Qinling and Adjacent Areas: China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, p. 66–68. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., and Xu, X.R., 1992, Triassic lithofacies and biofacies in the western part of the southern Qinling Mountains, in Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., Huang, Q.S., Yang, H.S., and Lai, X.L., eds., Triassic in Qinling and Adjacent Areas: China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, p. 96–104. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., Yin, H.F., and Yang, F.Q., 1992, The character and evolution of ecostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Triassic Qinling Basin: Earth Science, v. 17, p. 345–352. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., Yang, F.Q., and Yin, H.F., 1994, Research of Permian-Triassic boundary strata, in west Qinling Area: Geoscience, v. 8, p. 20–26. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., Yin, H.F., and Yang, F.Q., 1995, Reconstruction of the Qinling Triassic Paleo-ocean: Earth Science, v. 20, p. 648–656. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Lai, X.L., Wignall, P.B., and Zhang, K.X., 2001, Palaeoecology of the conodonts Hindeodus and Clarkina during the Permian-Triassic transitional period: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 171, p. 63–72.Google Scholar
Liang, D., Tong, J.N., and Zhao, L.S., 2011, Lower Triassic Smithian-Spathian Boundary at West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu, Anhui Province: Science China, Earth Sciences, v. 54, p. 372–379.Google Scholar
Lindström, M., 1970, A suprageneric taxonomy of the conodonts: Lethaia, v. 3, p. 427–445.Google Scholar
Maekawa, T., and Komatsu, T., 2014, Conodont succession, in Shigeta, Y., Komatsu, T., Maekawa, T., and Tran, H.D., eds., Olenekian (Early Triassic) Stratigraphy and Fossil Assemblages in Northeastern Vietnam, National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, Tokyo, Japan, no. 45. p. 51–54.Google Scholar
Matsuda, T., 1984, Early Triassic conodonts from Kashmir, India. Part 4: Gondolella and Platyvillosus: Journal of Geosciences Osaka City University, v. 27, p. 119–141.Google Scholar
Mei, S., 1996, Restudy of conodonts from the Permian-Triassic boundary beds at Selong and Meishan and the natural Permian-Triassic boundary, in Wang, H., and Wang, X., eds., Centennial Memorial Volume of Prof. Sun Yunzhu: Paleontology and Stratigraphy: Beijing, China University of Geosciences Press, p. 141–148.Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklay, K.V., 1954, Foraminifers from the Upper Permian deposits of the northern Caucasus: Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI), Ministerstvo Geologii i Okhrany Nedr, 163 p. [In Russian]Google Scholar
Mosher, L.C., 1970, New conodont species as Triassic guide fossils: Journal of Paleontology, v. 44, p. 737–742.Google Scholar
Mosher, L.C., 1973, Triassic conodonts from British Columbia and the northern Arctic Islands: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 141–193.Google Scholar
Muttoni, G., Gaetani, M., Kent, D.V., Sciunnach, D., Angiolini, L., Berra, F., Garzanti, E., Mattei, M., and Zanchi, A., 2009, Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation during the Permian: GeoArabia, v. 14, p. 17–48.Google Scholar
Müller, K.J., 1956, Triassic conodonts from Nevada: Journal of Paleontology, v. 30, p. 818–830.Google Scholar
Nakrem, H.A., Orchard, M.J., Weitschat, W., Hounslow, M.W., Beatty, T.W. and Mørk, A., 2008, Triassic conodonts from Svalbard and their Boreal correlations: Polar Research, v. 27, p. 523–539.Google Scholar
Nogami, Y., 1968, Trias-Conodonten von Timor, Malaysien und Japan (Palaeontological Study of Portuguese Timor, 5): Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, v. 34, p. 115–136.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., 1994, Conodont biochronology around the early-middle Triassic boundary: New data from north America, Oman and Timor: Memoires de Geologie, p. 105–114.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., 2005, Multielement conodont apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea: Special Papers in Palaeontology, v. 73, p. 73–101.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., 2007, Conodont diversity and evolution through the latest Permian and Early Triassic upheavals: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 93–117.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., 2008, Lower Triassic conodonts from the Canadian Arctic, their intercalibration with ammonoid-based stages and a comparison with other North American Olenekian faunas: Polar Research, v. 27, p. 393–412.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., 2010, Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definition: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 334, p. 139–161.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., and Krystyn, L., 1998, Conodonts of the lowermost Triassic of Spiti, and new zonation based on Neogondolella successions: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 104, p. 341–368.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., and Krystyn, L., 2007, Conodonts from the Induan-Olenekian boundary interval at Mud, Spiti: Albertiana, v. 35, p. 30–34.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., and Tozer, E.T., 1997, Triassic conodont biochronology, its calibration with the ammonoid standard, and a biostratigraphic summary of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in Moslow, T.F., and Wittenberg, J., eds., Triassic of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 45, p. 675–692.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., and Zonneveld, J.-P., 2009, The Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation in the Wapiti Lake area: lithostratigraphy, conodont biostratigraphy, and a new biozonation for the lower Olenekian (Smithian): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 46, p. 757–790.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., Nassichuk, W.W., and Rui, L., 1994, Conodonts from the lower Griesbachian Otoceras latilobatum Bed of Selong, Tibet and the position of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Canadian Society Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 17, p. 823–843.Google Scholar
Orchard, M.J., Grădinaru, E., and Nicora, A., 2007, A summary of the conodont succession around the Olenekian-Anisian Boudary at Deşli Caira, North Dobrogea, Romania, in Lucas, S.G. and Spielman, J.A., eds., The Global Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin , v. 41, p. 341–346.Google Scholar
Paull, R.K., 1983, Definition and stratigraphic significance of the Lower Triassic (Smithian) conodont Gladigondolella meeki n. sp. in the western United States: Journal of Paleontology, v. 57, p. 188–192.Google Scholar
Perri, M.C., 1991, Conodont biostratigraphy of the Werfen Formation (Lower Triassic), Southern Alps, Italy: Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, v. 30, p. 23–46.Google Scholar
Piestch, C., Mata, S.A., and Bottjer, D.J., 2014, High temperature and low oxygen perturbations drive contrasting benthic recovery dynamics following the end-Permian mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 399, p. 98–113.Google Scholar
Romano, C., Goudemand, N., Vennemann, T.W., Ware, D., Hermann, E.S., Hochuli, P.A., Brühwiler, T., Brinkmann, W. and Bucher, H., 2012, Climatic and biotic upheavals following the end-Permian mass extinction: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, p. 57–60.Google Scholar
Solien, M.A., 1979, Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Thaynes Formation, Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 53, p. 276–306.Google Scholar
Song, H.J., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J.N., Bond, D.P.G., Song, H.Y., Lai, X.L., Zhang, K.X., Wang, H.M., and Chen, Y.L., 2012, Geochemical evidence from bio-apatite for multiple oceanic anoxic events during Permian-Triassic transition and the link with end-Permian extinction and recovery. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 353–354, p. 12–21.Google Scholar
Song, H.J., Jiang, G.Q., Poulton, S.W., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J.N., Song, H.Y., An, Z.H., Chu, D.L., Tian, L., She, Z.B., and Wang, C.S., 2017, The onset of widespread marine red beds and the evolution of ferruginous oceans: Nature, v. 8, p. 1–7.Google Scholar
Staesche, U., 1964, Conodonten aus dem Skyth von Südtirol: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, v. 119, p. 247–306.Google Scholar
Stanley, S.M., 2009, Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 106, p. 15264–15267.Google Scholar
Sun, Y.D., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., Yan, C.B., Chen, Y. L., Jiang, H.S., Wang, L.N., and Lai, X.L., 2012, Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse: Science, v. 338, p. 366–370.Google Scholar
Sun, Y.D., Wignall, P.B., Joachimski, M.M., Bond, D.P.G., Grasby, S.E., Sun, S., Yan, C.B., Wang, L.N., Chen, Y.L., and Lai, X.L., 2015, High amplitude redox changes in the Late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian-Spathian extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 427, p. 62–78.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., 1970a, Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus ranges, West Pakistan: Stratigraphic Boundary Problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan, v. 4, p. 207–275.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., 1970b, Permian and Triassic conodonts from a section at Guryul Ravine, Vihi District, Kashmir: The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, v. 49, p. 1–10.Google Scholar
Teichert, C., and Kummel, B., 1976, Permian-Triassic boundary in the Kap Stosch Area, East Greenland: Meddelelser om Grønland, v. 5, p. 3–54.Google Scholar
Tian, C.R., 1982, Triassic conodonts in the Tulong section from Nyalam County, Xizang (Tibet), China: Contribution to Geology of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, v. 10, p. 153–165. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Tian, C.R., 1983, Triassic conodont zones, in Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, ed., Paleontological Atlas of Southwest China Volume of Microfossils (Pt. 4, Micropaleontology): Geoscience Press, p. 407–411. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Tian, C.R., Dai, J.Y., and Tian, S.G., 1983, Triassic conodonts, in Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, ed., Paleontological Atlas of Southwest China, Volume of Microfossils (Pt. 4, Micropaleontology): Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 345–398. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Tian, S.G., 1993a, The Pemo-Triassic boundary and conodont zones in Northwestern Hunan Province: Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, v. 26, 133–150. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Tian, S.G., 1993b, Evolutions of conodont genera Neogondolella, Hindeodus and Isarcicella in northwestern Hunan, China: Stratigraphy and Paleontology of China, v. 2, p. 173–190.Google Scholar
Tong, J.N., Zakharov, Y.D., Orchard, M.J., Yin, H.F. and Hansen, H.J., 2003, A candidate of the Induan-Olenekian boundary stratotype in the Tethyan region: Science in China (Series D), v. 46, p. 1182–1200.Google Scholar
Wang, C.Y., and Wang, Z.H., 1981, Permian conodonts from Longtan Formation and Changhsing Formation of Changxing, Zhejiang and their stratigraphical and palaeoecological significance, in Micropalaeontological Society of China, ed., Selected Papers on the 1st Convention of Micropalaeontological Society of China, Beijing, Science Press, p. 114–120.Google Scholar
Wang, H.M., Wang, X.L., Li, R.X., and Wie, J.Y., 2005, Triassic conodont succession and stage subdivision of the Guandao Section, Bianyang, Luodian, Guizhou: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 44, p. 611–626. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Wang, Z.H., 1982, Discovery of Early Triassic Neospathodus timorensis fauna in Ziyun of Guizhou: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 21, p. 584–587. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Wang, Z.H., and Cao, Y.Y., 1981, Early Triassic conodonts from Lichuan, Western Hubei: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 20, p. 363–375. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Wang, Z.H., and Wang, Y.G., 1995, Permian-Lower Triassic conodonts from Selong Xishan of Nyalam, S. Tibet, China: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 12, p. 333–348.Google Scholar
Weitschat, W., and Lehmann, U., 1978, Biostratigraphy of the uppermost part of the Smithian Stage (Lower Triassic) at the Botneheia, W-Spitsbergen: Mitteilungen Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut Universität Hamburg, v. 48, p. 85–100.Google Scholar
Wignall, P.B., 2015, The Worst of Times: How Life on Earth Survived Eighty Million Years of Extinctions: Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 199 p.Google Scholar
Wignall, P.B., Bond, D.P.G., Sun, Y.D., Grasby, S.E., Beauchamp, B., Joachimski, M.M. and Blomeier, D.P.G., 2016, Ultra-shallow-marine anoxia in an Early Triassic shallow-marine clastic ramp (Spitsbergen) and the suppression of benthic radiation: Geological Magazine, v. 153, p. 316–331.Google Scholar
Wu, G.C., Ji, Z.S., Trotter, J.A., Yao, J.X., and Zhou, L.Q., 2014, Conodont biostratigraphy of a new Permo-Triassic boundary section at Wenbudangsang, north Tibet: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 411, p. 188–207.Google Scholar
Xia, F., and Zhang, F., 2005, Conodont, in Sha, J.G., Wang, Q.F., and Lu, H.N., eds., Micropalaeontology of the Qiangtang Basin: Science Press, Beijing, p. 172–198.Google Scholar
Yabe, H., 1928, Notes on some interesting fossils from South China: Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, v. 6, p. 19–25.Google Scholar
Yan, C.B., Wang, L.N., Jiang, H.S., Wignall, P.B., Sun, Y.D., Chen, Y.L., and Lai, X.L., 2013, Uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic conodonts at Bianyang Section, Guizhou Province, South China: Palaios, v. 28, p. 509–522.Google Scholar
Yang, B., Yuan, D.X., Henderson, C.M., and Shen, S.Z., 2014, Parafurnishius, an Induan (Lower Triassic) conodont new genus from northeastern Sichuan Province, southwest China and its evolutionary implications: Palaeoworld, v. 23, p. 263–275.Google Scholar
Yang, H.S., Yang, F.Q., and Wu, L.F., 1992, Yiwagou Section, Tewo County, Gansu Province, in Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., Huang, Q.S., Yang, H.S., and Lai, X.L., eds., Triassic in Qinling and Adjacent Areas: China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, p. 12–20. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Yang, S.R., Hao, W.C., and Jiang, D.Y., 2001, Palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographic significance of the Triassic conodonts: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 3, p. 78–84. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Yin, H.F., and Peng, Y.Q., 1995, Evolution of the Phanerozoic Paleo-ocean of Qinling: Earth Science, v. 20, p. 605–611. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., and Lai, X.L., 1988, Triassic belts and Indosinian development of the Qinling Mountains: Geoscience, v. 2, p. 355–365. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., Huang, Q.S., Yang, H.S., and Lai, X.L., 1992, Triassic in Qinling and Adjacent Areas: China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, 200 p. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Zhang, K.X., Lai, X.L., Ding, M.H., Wu, S.B., and Liu, J.H., 1995, Conodont sequence and its global correlation of Permian-Triassic boundary in Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang Province: Earth Science, v. 20. p. 669–676. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Zhang, K.X., Tong, J.N., Shi, G.R., Lai, X.L., Yu, J.X., He, W.H., Peng, Y.Q., and Jin, Y.L., 2007, Early Triassic conodont-palynological biostratigraphy of the Meishan D Section in Changxing, Zhejiang Province, South China: Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 4–23.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z.T., Sun, Y.D., Lai, X.L., Joachimski, M.M., and Wignall, P.B., 2017, Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 486, p. 142–157.Google Scholar
Zhao, L.S., Orchard, M.J., Tong, J.N., Sun, Z.M., Zuo, J.X., Zhang, S.X., and Yun, A.L., 2007, Lower Triassic conodont sequence in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China and its global correlation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 24–38.Google Scholar
Zhao, L.S., Chen, Y.L., Chen, Z.Q., and Cao, L., 2013, Uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic conodont zonation from Three Gorges Area, South China: Palaios, v. 28. p. 523–540.Google Scholar
Zhao, X.W., and Zhang, K.X., 1991, Triassic conodonts from the Ngari Area, Xizang (Tibet), China: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 8, p. 433–440. [in Chinese]Google Scholar
Zou, G.F., Mao, Q., Chen, Y.M., and Rao, R.B., 2006, A research into Triassic biostratigraphy of the Qomolongma Area in Southern Xizang (Tibet): Geological Review, v. 52, p. 386–395.Google Scholar