∗ Esquirol, , Malad. Ment. II., p. 263. Paris, 1838.Google Scholar

∗ Bayle, , Traité des Maladies du Cerveau. Paris, 1826. And other works by the same author.Google Scholar

† “The exceptions to this are very rare, and moreover are found in individuals who have not been under observation from the commencement of the disease; as the ideas of greatness, therefore, occasionally disappear in the later stages we would deceive ourselves were we to conclude from this that they had not existed.” Bayle, 1. c., p. 547.Google Scholar

∗ Falret, J., Recherches sur la folie paralytique. Paris, 1853.Google Scholar

∗ Very analagous ideas, in both directions, are often observed in epileptics in whom psychical weakness has already set in. As regards congenital mental weakness this is not the place to enter into the subject.Google Scholar

∗ Very interesting cases (one with double amaurosis) are to be found in the Discussions of the Soc. Méd. Psych. Ann. Med. Psych. 1858, IV.Google Scholar

∗ By the time the patients seek admission into the Asylum a minute examination of the muscles of the eye by means of double pictures no longer leads to certain results, owing to the psychical weakness.Google Scholar

† Billod, (Ann. Med. Psych. II., 1863) observed that in a paralytic with double amaurosis (atrophy of the optic nerves) the pupils afterwards became strongly contracted.Google Scholar

∗ Falret, , l. c., p. 113.Google Scholar

∗ The patients succeed in getting one foot upon the chair, but they cannot so balance themselves as to get the other up also. Remak was the first to attach importance to this test.Google Scholar

∗ These granulations, which L. Meyer thinks were quite unknown before he described them as “Epithelial Granulations of the arachnoid,” had been already very accurately described by Bayle. He says (l. c., p. 463): “Les granulations dont nous allons nous occuper sont de petites aspérités arrondies, sphériques, excessivement ténues, qui ont quelque analogie avec celles qu'on rencontre a la face interne des membranes séreuses dans certains cas de phlegmasie chronique. Elles ont leur siége à la surface libre de l'arachnoïd cérébrale et de l'arachnoïde ventriculaire. Les premiéres sont assez rares, car je ne'en ai rencontré que sur un dixième environ des cadavres; on les trouve ordinairement vers le milieu de la convexité des hémisphères et quelquefois prés de la grande scissure; elles ont un si petit volume, qu'on ne peut les apercevoir qu' à une forte lumière, et qu'elles échappent le plus souvent au toucher.” Meyer also says that he saw them first in a brain which was lying in the sunshine, and compares them, like Bayle, with the well-known granulations of the ependyma.Google Scholar

∗ Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych. XXI., p. 393.Google Scholar

∗ Preliminary Communication in Centralbl. f. die. Medic. Wissensch. 1867. No. 8 and 9.Google Scholar

∗ See Meyer, L. Die allgem. progress. Gehirnlähmung, eine chron. Meningitis. Berlin, 1858. Obs. 11, 10, 8, 9.Google Scholar

† Jochmann's Observations on the Temperature of the Body (Berlin, 1853), are used by Meyer for comparison.Google Scholar

∗ Another curious procedure, to be placed side by side with the above, has recently been attributed to Baillarger by one of his scholars. The cortical layer is scraped off with a scalpel, and it is found in many cases, especially in the anterior lobes, that the subjacent white substance is indurated, whereby comb-like prolongations of it come into view, which are very resistent and elastic, and resemble the epiglottis in appearance and color. (“Ann. Med. Psych.,” 1863, L, p. 82.) This is something characteristic of general paralysis. Magnan has taken the truly unnecessary trouble to prove that the same thing may be seen in healthy brains. Magnan, , “De la lésion anatomique de la paralysie générale.” Thèse. Paris, 1866.Google Scholar

∗ Magnan, (1. c.) considers the growth of nuclei to be an essential and constant change, especially in the white substance : L. Meyer afterwards in the “Vorläufigen Mittheilung,” asserted that there was a growth of nuclei in the connective tissue of the white substance, and speaks, partly on the basis of this condition, of a chronic encephhalitis. See also Demme, , “Beiträge zur Path. Anat. des Tetanus,” &c. 1859.Google Scholar

† Wedl, , Contributions to the pathology of the blood-vessels. Sitzungsber. der K. K. Akadem. Mathem, naturwiss. Class e. XXVII., p. 265 1859.Google Scholar

∗ Robin brings prominently forward the resemblance of these nuclei to lymph corpuscles and white blood corpuscles, and their great number in the sheath of the cerebral capillaries; he describes them further as floating within the (lymph) sheath. Very recently Cohnheim has made the observation, which was not published at the time of the composition of this paper, of the passage of white blood corpuscles through the walls of the vessels, and in accordance with this, assumed the occurrence of these lymphoid bodies outside the cerebral vessels.Google Scholar

† I would refer these authors and my colleague, L. Meyer, to the drawings by Robin in “Recherches sur quelques particularities de la structure des capillaires de l'encéphale.” “Journ. de Physiologie,” II. 1859, p. 537.Google Scholar

∗ Lancet, 1 Sept., 1866.Google Scholar

† Meyer, L., l. c. Google Scholar

‡ Virchow, , Arch. III., p. 427; XXX., p. 272. See also Virchow, , “Geschwülste' III, I. Hälfte, p. 456.Google Scholar

§ See the Description of Hasse, Kölliker, Pestalozzi, Virch. l. c. III.Google Scholar

10 von Stein, Daniel–“Non-nulla de pigmento in parietibus cerebri vasorum obvio. Diss. inaug.” Dorpati, 1858.Google Scholar

11 Mettenheimer appears to assume the existence of newly formed vessels in the cortical substance; subsequently L. Meyer described what he thought to be newly formed capillaries “whose walls often consist solely of several layers of round cells with large nuclei with a lumen so small that it seems scarcely sufficient for the passage of a single red blood-corpuscle,” &c.Google Scholar

∗ Hubrich, M., on a peculiar behaviour of the grey cortical substance with water, “Zeitschr. für Biologie,' II. Bd. 3 H, p 391.— Other changes of the ganglion bodies of the cortex have been described by Meynert, whose work lies before me only as an extract from the report of a meeting of the Gesellschaft der Wiener Aerzte of 22 June, 1866. I will, therefore, although I believe that the author has gone too far with his assertions, for the present pass it over. (See “Ueber die Hirnrinde und die Rarefaction ihrer Nervenkörper bei Geisteskranken;” “Wien. Med. Ztg.” 22, 28, 1866.)Google Scholar

† “Zur patholog Anatomie der Netzhaut und des Sehnerven.” Virch. Arch. X., p. 170.Google Scholar

‡ Virch. Arch. I. p. 147; X. p. 407.Google Scholar

§ “Ueber Acute Myelitis. Vortrag auf der Naturforscher-Versammlung zu Hannover.” Amtl. Bericht, p. 254.Google Scholar

∗ Calmeil, who in his subsequent larger works characterised the disease as Periencephalitis chronica diffusa, described many things in the cerebral cortex; but owing to his evident ignorance of microscopic appearances, he could not say what it was which he saw, although he inferred from them that there was inflammation. See his “Traité des maladies inflammatoires du cerveau.” Paris, 1859.Google Scholar

∗ See Besser, , “Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych.” XXIII. p. 331; Mettenheimer, , “Ueber die Verwachsung der Gefässhaut des Gehirns mit der Hirnrinde.” Schwerin, 1865. Magnan has recently discovered that by injecting with water the carotid and internal jugular of the same side, existing adhesions become easily separable. 1. c. p. 30. This has, if I mistake not, been already asserted by some one in England.Google Scholar

∗ See the weights of the brain, by Parchappe.Google Scholar

† The specific gravity of the brain has also been frequently investigated. Regarding the very doubtful results afforded by this, see the latest article on the subject; Bastian, , “Journal of Mental Science,” Jan., 1866.Google Scholar