Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T09:42:46.668Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Talk the talk, but walk the walk: what do we know about marital demography and corporate greenwashing?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2021

Xingqiang Du*
Affiliation:
School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Quan Zeng*
Affiliation:
School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Ying Zhang
Affiliation:
School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
*
*Corresponding author. Email: xqdu@xmu.edu.cn (Xingqiang Du)
**Corresponding author. Email: xqduzeng@163.com (Quan Zeng)

Abstract

Using a sample of 21,628 firm-year observations from the Chinese stock market during the period of 2008–2017, this study finds that the divorce–marriage ratio, the proxy for marital demography, is significantly positively associated with corporate greenwashing. This finding suggests that higher divorce–marriage ratio is associated with stronger individualistic social atmosphere, lower conformity to social norms, and more unfavorable attitude towards environmental conservation, abets firms to talk the talk rather than walk the walk, and foments corporate greenwashing. Moreover, China's Environmental Protection Law attenuates above positive relation. Lastly, our conclusions are robust to sensitivity tests using the divorce rate, alternative proxies for greenwashing, and individual-level divorce data, and further our findings are also valid after addressing the endogeneity issue.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J. M., & Jones, W. H. (1997). The conceptualization of marital commitment: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 11771196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, F., Qian, J., & Qian, M. (2005). Law, finance, and economic growth in China. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1), 57116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amato, P. R., & DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital instability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 10381051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, J. C., & Beaver, K. M. (2012). Marriage and desistance from crime: A consideration of gene–environment correlation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(1), 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrone, P., Fosfuri, A., & Gelabert, L. (2017). Does greenwashing pay off? Understanding the relationship between environmental actions and environmental legitimacy. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(2), 363379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1994). Ecology of individualism and collectivism. In Kim, , U. et al. (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 7784). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bies, R. J., Bartunek, J. M., Fort, T. L., & Zald, M. N. (2007). Corporations as social change agents: Individual, interpersonal, institutional, and environmental dynamics. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 788793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, P., & Banjeree, S. (2001). An involvement-based framework for the study of environmentally concerned consumers. Journal of Management & Organization, 7(2), 119.Google Scholar
Bollinger, B., Burkhardt, J., & Gillingham, K. (2018). Peer effects in water conservation: Evidence from consumer migration (No. w24812). National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, F. (2014). After greenwashing: Symbolic corporate environmentalism and society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, W. K., Jeon-Slaughter, H., Kang, H., & Tax, A. (2003). Participation in philanthropic activities: Donating money and time. Journal of Consumer Policy, 26(1), 4373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bursztyn, L., Ederer, F., Ferman, B., & Yuchtman, N. (2014). Understanding mechanisms underlying peer effects: Evidence from a field experiment on financial decisions. Econometrica, 82(4), 12731301.Google Scholar
Cao, J., Liang, H., & Zhan, X. (2019). Peer effects of corporate social responsibility. Management Science, 65(12), 54875503.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114, 489500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C. C., Meindl, J. R., & Hunt, R. G. (1997). Testing the effects of vertical and horizontal collectivism: A study of reward allocation preferences in China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(1), 4470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, Y. N., Thyroff, A., Rapert, M. I., Park, S. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2013). To be or not to be green: Exploring individualism and collectivism as antecedents of environmental behavior. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 10521059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, C., Joensen, J. S., & Rangvid, J. (2010). The effects of marriage and divorce on financial investments: Learning to love or hate risk? School of Economics and Management.Google Scholar
Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4–5), 303327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, S. E., Gore, J. S., & Morris, M. L. (2003). The relational-interdependent self-construal, self-concept consistency, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 933944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delmas, M. A., & Burbano, V. C. (2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 6487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, G., Terwel, B. W., Ellemers, N., & Daamen, D. D. (2015). Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), 142154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dion, K. K., & Dion, K. L. (1996). Cultural perspectives on romantic love. Personal Relationships, 3, 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X. (2015). How the market values greenwashing? Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(3), 547574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X. (2016). Does confucianism reduce board gender diversity? Firm-level evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(2), 399436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X. (2021). On informal institutions and accounting behavior. Singapore: Springer Nature, Singapore Pte Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X., Chang, Y., Zeng, Q., Du, Y., & Pei, H. (2016). Corporate environmental responsibility (CER) weakness, media coverage, and corporate philanthropy: Evidence from China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 33(2), 551581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X., Jian, W., Zeng, Q., & Chang, Y. (2018). Do auditors applaud corporate environmental performance? Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(4), 10491080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, X., Jian, W., Zeng, Q., & Du, Y. (2014). Corporate environmental responsibility in polluting industries: Does religion matter? Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 485507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 565581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einolf, C. J., & Philbrick, D. (2014). Generous or greedy marriage? A longitudinal study of volunteering and charitable giving. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3), 573586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, N., & Jephcott, E. (1982). The civilizing process (Vol. 2). New York: Pantheon books.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2006). Population statistics. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Evans, H. (2012). The intimate individual: Perspectives from the mother-daughter relationship in urban China. In Kipnis, A. B. (Ed.) , Chinese Modernity and the individual psyche (pp. 119147). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fei, H. T., Fei, X., Hamilton, G. G., & Zheng, W. (1992). From the soil: The foundations of Chinese society. California: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feld, J., & Zölitz, U. (2017). Understanding peer effects: On the nature, estimation, and channels of peer effects. Journal of Labor Economics, 35(2), 387428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (2012). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Gellers, J. (2012). Greening constitutions with environmental rights: Testing the isomorphism thesis. Review of Policy Research, 29(4), 523543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gove, W. R., Hughes, M., & Style, C. B. (1983). Does marriage have positive effects on the psychological well-being of the individual? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(2), 122131 .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gove, W. R., & Shin, H. C. (1989). The psychological well-being of divorced and widowed men and women: An empirical analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 10(1), 122144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graff, M. (2008). Law and finance: Common law and civil law countries compared – An empirical critique. Economica, 75(297), 6083.Google Scholar
Greenpeace USA (2013). Greenpeace greenwash criteria. Available at: http://www.stopgreenwash.org, Retrieved 27/1/2020.Google Scholar
GRI (2006). Sustainability reporting guidelines 3. Available at https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G3-Guidelines-Incl-Technical-Protocol.pdf, Retrieved 27/1/2020.Google Scholar
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 2348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartog, J., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Jonker, N. (2002). Linking measured risk aversion to individual characteristics. Kyklos, 55(1), 326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilary, G., Huang, S., & Xu, Y. (2017). Marital status and earnings management. European Accounting Review, 26(1), 153158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, K. C., & Smock, P. J. (1991). The economic costs of marital dissolution: Why do women bear a disproportionate cost? Annual Review of Sociology, 17(1), 5178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husted, B. W. (2005). Culture and ecology: A cross-national study of the determinants of environmental sustainability. Management International Review, 49(3), 349371.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and post-modernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenton, W. (2020). Greenwashing. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/greenwashing.asp, Retrieved 27/1/2020.Google Scholar
Kipnis, A. B. (2012). Introduction: Chinese modernity and the individual psyche. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, B. J., & Koch, P. T. (2007). Collectivism, individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(2), 207225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, A. (2020). Leadership and decision-making: Top management team age demographic and environmental strategy. Journal of Management & Organization, First View, 117. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2019.91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 11131155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 253261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, W. E., & Hageman, A. M. (2018). Talk the talk or walk the walk? An examination of sustainability accounting implementation. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(3), 725739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, D. (1995). Individualism and divorce. Psychological Reports, 76(1), 258268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, A., & Tsutsui, K. (2012). Globalization and commitment in corporate social responsibility: Cross-national analyses of institutional and political-economy effects. American Sociological Review, 77(1), 6998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, M., & Chan, C. (1999). Enduring violence and staying in marriage: Stories of battered women in rural China. Violence Against Women, 5(12), 14691492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowes, S., Nunn, N., Robinson, J. A., & Weigel, J. L. (2017). The evolution of culture and institutions: Evidence from the Kuba kingdom. Econometrica, 85(4), 10651091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2011). Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(1), 341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. (2013). Tweetjacked: The impact of social media on corporate greenwash. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(4), 747757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, M., Al Mamun, M., & Amin, A. (2019). Peer pressure, CSR spending, and long-term financial performance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 26(3), 241260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmendier, U. (2009). Law and finance “at the origin”. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(4), 10761108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, C., Glynn, M. A., & Davis, G. F. (2007). Community isomorphism and corporate social action. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 925945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, C., & Toffel, M. W. (2011). The globalization of corporate environmental disclosure: Accountability or greenwashing? Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.Google Scholar
Marquis, C., Toffel, M. W., & Zhou, Y. (2016). Scrutiny, norms, and selective disclosure: A global study of greenwashing. Organization Science, 27(2), 483504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (2001). The influence of individualism, collectivism, and locus of control on environmental beliefs and behavior. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 20(1), 93104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, D. H., & Morgan, D. H. J. (1996). Family connections: An introduction to family studies (Vol. 45). Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Naroll, R. (1983). The moral order. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Neyland, J. (2016). Love or Money: The Effect of CEO Divorce on Firm Risk and Compensation. Available at SSRN 2140668.Google Scholar
Nicolosi, G., & Yore, A. S. (2015). “I do”: Does marital status affect how much CEOs “do”? Financial Review, 50(1), 5788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, D. H., & DeFrain, J. (2003). Marriage and families. Boston: McGrow Hill.Google Scholar
Parguel, B., Benoît-Moreau, F., & Larceneux, F. (2011). How sustainability ratings might deter ‘greenwashing’: A closer look at ethical corporate communication. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(1), 1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearsall, J. (2002). The concise Oxford English dictionary (10th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pentifallo, C., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2012). Blame it on Rio: Isomorphism, environmental protection and sustainability in the olympic movement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(3), 427446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, M. A. (2009). Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing approaches. Review of Financial Studies, 22(1), 435480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, J. C., Walker, I. A., & Boschetti, F. (2014). Measuring cultural values and beliefs about environment to identify their role in climate change responses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 37(1), 820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, Y., Yin, S., & Wang, Y. D. (2016). Peer effects and voluntary green building certification. Sustainability, 8(7), 632646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, I., Park, J., & Chi, C. G. Q. (2015). Consequences of “greenwashing”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 10541081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramus, C. A., & Montiel, I. (2005). When are corporate environmental policies a form of greenwashing? Business & Society, 44(4), 377414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, S. (2006). Over-investment of free cash flow. Review of Accounting Studies, 11(2–3), 159189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1999). Parental divorce, life-course disruption and adult depression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 10341045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roulet, T. J., & Touboul, S. (2015). The intentions with which the road is paved: Attitudes to liberalism as determinants of greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), 305320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roussanov, N., & Savor, P. (2014). Marriage and managers' attitudes to risk. Management Science, 60(10), 24962508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, J. M., & Nee, V. (1996). Immigrant self-employment: The family as social capital and the value of human capital. American Sociological Review, 61(2), 231249 .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seele, P., & Gatti, L. (2017). Greenwashing revisited: In search of a typology and accusation-based definition incorporating legitimacy strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26, 239252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, A., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2008). Marital status and social well-being: Are the married always better off? Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 329346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siano, A., Vollero, A., Conte, F., & Amabile, S. (2017). “More than words”: Expanding the taxonomy of greenwashing after the Volkswagen scandal. Journal of Business Research, 71(1), 2727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, S. N., & Kanjirathinkal, M. (1999). Levels and styles of commitment in marriage: The case of Asian Indian immigrants. In Adams, M. J. & Jones, W. H. (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal commitment and relationship stability (pp. 307323). New York: Kluwer Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spanier, G. B. (1984). Recycling the family: Remarriage after divorce. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Stulz, R. M., & Williamson, R. (2003). Culture, openness and finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 70(3), 313349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stutzer, A., & Frey, B. S. (2006). Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(2), 326347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabellini, G. (2008). The scope of cooperation: Values and incentives. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), 905950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Testa, F., Boiral, O., & Iraldo, F. (2018). Internalization of environmental practices and institutional complexity: Can stakeholders pressures encourage greenwashing? Journal of Business Ethics, 147(2), 287307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tokar, B. (1997). Earth for sale: Reclaiming ecology in the age of corporate greenwash. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Torelli, R., Balluchi, F., & Lazzini, A. (2020). Greenwashing and environmental communication: Effects on stakeholders' perceptions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(2), 407441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toth, K., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2009). Divorce attitudes around the world: Distinguishing the impact of culture on evaluations and attitude structure. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(3), 280297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996). Statistical abstract of the United States (116th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.Google Scholar
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1998). Collectivism, traditionalism, and domestic violence. Unpublished manuscript. Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, K., & Wan, F. (2012). The harm of symbolic actions and greenwashing: Corporate actions and communications on environmental performance and their financial implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(2), 227242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Fan, G., & Hu, L. (2019). Marketization index of China's provinces: Neri report 2018. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China).Google Scholar
Whitehead, B. D. (1998). The divorce culture: Rethinking our commitments to marriage and family. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2000). The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar