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Brazilian Colonization of the Eastern Border Region of Paraguay*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

Andrew Nickson
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Extract

The Eastern Border Region (EBR) of Paraguay (defined as the present-day administrative Departments of Amambay, Canendiyú and Alto Paraná) is one of the few remaining frontier zones suitable for intensive agricultural development in the southern cone of Latin America. Comprising 35 percent (about 5.4 million has.) of the area of eastern Paraguay, its natural resources remained largely unexploited until the mid-1960s, itself a reflection of the very poor growth performance of the Paraguayan economy throughout most of the 20th century in comparison with neighbouring countries.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , May 1981 , pp. 111 - 131
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

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References

1 Monte, Domecq, La República del Paraguay en su Primer Centenario, 1811–1911 (Buenos Aires, 1911), pp. 211–12.Google Scholar

2 The most influential book on this subject was Rafael Barret, El Dolor Paraguayo (Buenos Aires, 1912).Google Scholar

3 Album Gráfico del Paraguay (Buenos Aires, 1920), p. 165.Google Scholar

4 Monte Domecq, R., op. cit., p. 221.Google Scholar

5 Ministerio de Agricultura, Censo de Agricultura del Paraguay 1942–44 (Asunción, 1948).Google Scholar

6 Pastore, , La lucha por la tierra en el Paraguay (Montevideo, 1972).Google Scholar

7 Ministerio de Agricultura, Censo agropecuario 1956 (Asunción, 1961).Google Scholar

8 Direcciòn General de Estadística y Censos, Censo de Población y Vivienda 1962 (Asunción, 1965).Google Scholar

9 Arnold, A., Foundations of an agricultural policy in Paraguay (Praeger, New York, 1971).Google Scholar

10 I.B.R., Memoria Anual (Asunción, 1972).Google Scholar

11 Ministerio de Agricultura, Encuesta Agropecuaria por muestreo (Asunción 1972).Google Scholar

12 Ibid.

13 Frutos, J. M., El IBR y la ganadería nacional (Asunción, 1971).Google Scholar

14 An official report on the Department of Alto Paraná provides widespread criticism of all aspects of the IBR colonization programme. Secretaría Técnica de Planificación, Plan de Desarrollo Regional de Alto Paraná - Diagnóstico (Asunción, 1975).Google Scholar

15 IBR -SIC/PIDELTA, Estudio de consolidación de colonias en los Departamentos de Alto Paraná y Canendiyú (Asuncion, 1978).Google Scholar

16 Ibid.

17 Ministerio de Agricultura, Censo de Agricultura del Paraguay 1942–1944 (Asunción, 1948).Google Scholar

18 Ministerio de Agricultura, Censo Agropecuario 1956 (Asunción, 1961).Google Scholar

19 Dirección General de Estadística y Censos, Censo de Poblición, 1962 (Asunción, 1965).Google Scholar

20 Quoted in Jornal do Brasil, 7 07 1977.Google Scholar

21 Ibid.

22 ‘Brazilian Colonists in Paraguay’ in Migration News, No. 4 (1972), I.C.M.C., Geneva, pp. 12–20.Google Scholar

23 Paraguay Económico, Vol. I, No. 5 (Asunción, 1979).Google Scholar

24 Colonización y migraciones, Primer simposio nacional sobre asentamientos humanos (Asunción, April 1976).Google Scholar

25 Consejo Nacional de Progreso Social, Programa Integrado de Desarrollo Rural - Región del Paraná 1975–80 (ONPS, Asunción, 1974).Google Scholar

26 Own estimate based on official and unofficial sources.

27 La Industrial Paraguaya, Memoria Anual, 1965 and 1977.Google Scholar

28 Veja magazine, Brazil, 24 09 1975.Google Scholar

29 UNDP, Forest Inventory of Paraguay (Asunción, 1971, mimeo).Google Scholar

30 Ministerio de Agricultura, Encuesta Agropecuaria por muestreo (Asunción, various years, 1971–1977).Google Scholar

31 Ibid.

32 Letter to clients, Florida Peach Corporation, Geneva, 30 September 1976.

33 World Bank, Economic Memorandum on Paraguay, 14 06 1977.Google Scholar

34 Veja magazine, Brazil, loc. cit.Google Scholar

35 Laino, D., Paraguay: Fronteras y Penetración Brasileña (Asuncion, 1978).Google Scholar

36 Of special interest is ‘De espaldas al país’, a 15-part report of a journey through the EBR in ABC newspaper (Asunción, January 1977).

37 ABC newspaper, 18 12, 1977.Google Scholar

38 World Bank, Paraguay - Regional Development in eastern Paraguay (Washington, 1978), p. 19.Google Scholar

39 The Inter-American Development Bank is currently negotiating a US$14 million loan and the World Bank a US$25 million loan for consolidation of IBR colonies in the EBR.

40 The largest eviction of this kind so far was at Yhu, Caaguazú in 1976 when ranches and crops belonging to 300 campesino families were burnt by Paraguayan troops. During 1968–74 over 300 Aché died as a consequence of manhunts in the EBR.

41 For example, labour demand for the Gulf and Western 54,000 has, soya project in the Department of Alto Paraná has been met almost totally from two neighbouring IBR colonies.

42 See Herken, J. C., ‘Desarrollo capitalista, expansión brasilera y condiciones del proceso político en el Paraguay’, Revista Nueva Sociedad, No. 17 (Costa Rica, 1975)Google Scholar, and Medina, R., ‘Paraguay y Brasil, el mito del desarrollo integrado,’ Cuadernos, Revista Argentina de Ciencias Sociales, No. i (Paris, 1979).Google Scholar