Learning Objectives: To develop a 3D printed temporal bone that can be used as a training model and to compare it against the Pettigrew bone model, the Voxel-Man virtual reality model and a cadaveric temporal bone.

Introduction: There is a need for realistic temporal bone (TB) models for dissection by trainees in otolaryngology. Three dimensional (3D) printers provide a method of replicating realistic models. We have developed the first UK 3D TB model (3D model) to our knowledge and compared it to a Pettigrew model (PM), Voxel-Man virtual reality model (VMM) and a cadaveric TB model (CM).

Methods: The production of the 3D model will be discussed using an Object 3D printer. Different colours and materials were used to enhance realism. A senior ENT trainee and post CCT fellow separately dissected and rated the 4 models assessing their realism to a live TB dissection using a 5 point rating system.

Results: The cadaveric model was the closest to a living TB in all category ratings. Amongst the other models, the 3D model rated excellently for “anatomical feel” but due to technical difficulties in the manufacturing process anatomical accuracy was poor. Pros and cons of each of the models are discussed including how the 3D model will be improved to an acceptable standard for ENT trainees to dissect.

Conclusions: With improved manufacturing of the 3D model, trainees will have access to relatively cheap, high quality models to dissect. All models evaluated have varying benefits to the trainee dependant on the stage of their training. The 3D model will be utilised in the region's training programme in the future.