No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Wandering maidens in the Acropolis Propylaia: some considerations on the spatial setting of the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes, their administration and related cult images
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 March 2023
Abstract
This paper aims to develop a holistic view on the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes which can plausibly be located in the Acropolis Propylaia. Based on the combined analysis of the spatial and architectural setting, which changed in the course of the erection of the Mnesiklean Propylaia in 437–432 BC, along with the imagery and textual evidence for these cults, I propose that due to the altered spatial distribution and the rotated building axes, initially separate cults were fused together. Consequently, iconographical shifts occur in the modes of depiction of these three divinities. The Charites, who were attached in Archaic imagery to Hermes, in the Classical period become iconographically intertwined with Artemis. The iconographic shift is detectable especially in the new cult images1 for Hermes Propylaios and Artemis Epipyrgidia with the Charites, which had been created by the sculptor Alkamenes, presumably by order of the Athenian state. This article should not be seen as a contribution to the analysis of copies (Kopienkritik) for known statue types or an architectural study; instead, its focus lies in the concepts of visualization of divine images, which were developed for a highly specific spatial setting in the cultic landscape of the Athenian Acropolis.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
References
Boedeker, D. (1983) ʻHekate: a transfunctional goddess in the Theogony?ʼ, TAPhA 113, 79–93
Google Scholar
Camia, F. (2010) ʻIl santuario di Artemide Brauroniaʼ, in Greco, E. (ed.), Topografia di Atene. Sviluppo urbano e monumenti dale origini al III secolo d. C. I. Acropoli, Areopago, tra Acropoli e Pnice (Paestum) 92–93
Google Scholar
Carboni, R. (2007) ʻEcate Epipyrgidia, la custode dei Propilei. Questioni iconografiche e problematiche topograficheʼ, in Angiolillo, S. and Giuman, M. (eds), Il vasaio e le sue storie. Giornata di studi sulla ceramica attica in onore di Mario Torelli per i suoi settanta anni (Cagliari) 47–60
Google Scholar
Carboni, R. (2015) Dea in limine. Culto, immagine e sincretismi di Ecate nel mondo greco e microasiatico (Rahden and Westfalen)Google Scholar
Clarke, J.R. (2012) ʻRepresentations of worship at Rome, Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Ostia in the Imperial period: a model of production and consumptionʼ, in Balch, D.L. and Weissenrieder, A. (eds), Contested Spaces: Houses and Temples in Roman Antiquity and the New Testament (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 285) (Tübingen) 3–20Google Scholar
DʼEste, S. and Rankine, D. (2009) Hekate Liminal Rites: A Study of the Rituals, Magic and Symbols of the Torch-Bearing Triple Goddess of the Crossroads (London)Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, W.B. (1980) The Propylaia of the Athenian Akropolis I: The Predecessors (Princeton)Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, W.B. (2004) The Propylaia to the Athenian Akropolis II: The Classical Building (Princeton)Google Scholar
Doronzio, A. (2017) Athen im 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Räume und Funde der frühen Polis (Berlin)Google Scholar
Eckstein, F. (1965) ‘Das Hekateion in der British School zu Athen’, Antike Plastik 4, 27–36
Google Scholar
Eiteljorg, H. (1995) The Entrance to the Athenian Acropolis before Mnesicles (Dubuque)Google Scholar
Eiteljorg, H. (2011) ʻRevisiting the pre-Mnesiklean entrance to the Athenian Acropolisʼ, AJA 115, 641–4510.3764/aja.115.4.0641CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauth, W. (2006) Hekate Polymorphos – Wesensvarianten einer antiken Gottheit. Zwischen frühgriechischer Theogonie und spätantikem Synkretismus (Schriftenreihe altsprachliche Forschungsergebnisse 4) (Hamburg)Google Scholar
Foley, E. and Stroud, R.S. (2019) ‘A reappraisal of the Athena Promachos accounts from the Acropolis (IG I3 435)’, Hesperia 88.1, 87–153
10.2972/hesperia.88.1.0087CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, J. (1998) ʻRe-writing attributions: Alkamenes and the Hermes Propylaiosʼ in Hartswick, K.J. and Sturgeon, M.C. (eds), ΣTEΦANΟΣ: Studies in Honor of Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway (Philadelphia) 61–68
Google Scholar
Fränkel, M. (1882) ʻArchaische Thonbilder sitzender Frauenʼ, Archäologische Zeitung 40, 265–68Google Scholar
Fullerton, M.D. (1986) ʻThe location and archaism of the Hekate Epipyrgidiaʼ, AA 1986, 669–75Google Scholar
Furtwängler, A. (1893) Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik. Kunstgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Leipzig)Google Scholar
Gagliano, E. (2014) ʻHermes Propylaios (e le Charites) sullʼAcropoli di Ateneʼ, ASAA 92, 33–68
Google Scholar
Gagné, R. (2015) ʻLiterary evidence-poetryʼ, in Eidinow, E. and Kindt, J. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion (Oxford) 83–96
Google Scholar
Gaifman, M. (2012) Aniconism in Greek Antiquity (Oxford Studies in Ancient Culture and Representation 18) (Oxford)10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645787.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graml, C. (2013) ʻIG I² 836 – Hekate als ein Produkt des 19. Jahrhunderts?ʼ, JBerlM 55, 13–17
Google Scholar
Graml, C. (2014) ʻEine neue Ehreninschrift der Thiasotai der Artemis Ἀρίστη καὶ Καλλίστη aus dem Athener Kerameikosʼ, ZPE 190, 116–26Google Scholar
Graml, C. (2019) ʻWorshipping women, worshipping war: (how) did the Persian Wars change the cultic veneration of Artemis in Athens?ʼ, in Graml, C., Doronzio, A. and Capozzoli, V. (eds), Rethinking Athens before the Persian Wars: Proceedings of the International Workshop at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Munich, 23rd–24th February 2017) (Münchner Studien zur Alten Welt 17) (Munich) 277–95Google Scholar
Graml, C. (2020) ʻCreating the three-figured Hekate – from image to imaginationʼ, in Museum of Strumica (ed.), Acta Musei Tiberopolitani 3 (Strumica) 193–219Google Scholar
Greco, E. (2010) (ed.), Topografia di Atene. Sviluppo urbano e monumenti dalle origini al III secolo d. C. I. Acropoli, Areopago, tra Acropoli e Pnice (Paestum)Google Scholar
Hadzisteliou Price, T. (1971) ʻDouble and multiple representations in Greek art and religious thoughtʼ, JHS 91, 48–69
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadzisteliou Price, T. (1978) Kourotrophos: Cults and Representations of the Greek Nursing Deities (Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 8) (Leiden)10.1163/9789004672420_025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallof, K., Lehmann, L. and Kansteiner, S. (2007) ʻ7. Alkamenes aus Athen (?). 7.1 Athen, Akropolis: Herme des Hermes Propylaiosʼ, in Kansteiner, S., Lehmenn, L., Seidensticker, B. and Stemmer, K. (eds), Text und Skulptur: Berühmte Bildhauer und Bronzegießer der Antike in Wort und Bild (Berlin and New York) 53–56
Google Scholar
Hoepfner, W. (1997) ʻPropyläen und Nike-Tempelʼ, in Hoepfner, W. (ed.), Kult und Kultbauten auf der Akropolis: Internationales Symposion vom 7. bis 9. Juli 1995 in Berlin (Berlin) 160–77Google Scholar
Hölscher, F. (2010) ʻGods and statues: an approach to archaistic images in the fifth century BCEʼ, in Mylonopoulos, J. (ed.), Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome (Leiden and Boston) 105–2010.1163/9789047441656_006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölscher, F. (2017) Die Macht der Gottheit im Bild. Archäologische Studien zur griechischen Götterstatue (Heidelberg)Google Scholar
Hopfner, T. (1942) ʻHekate-Selene-Artemis und Verwandte in den griechisch-ägyptischen Zauberpapyri und auf den Fluchtafelnʼ, ArchOrient, 167–200
Google Scholar
Jahn, O. and Michaelis, A. (1901) Arx Athenarum a Pausania descripta. Tabulae arcem Athenarum illustrantes (3rd edition) (Bonn)Google Scholar
Jones, W.H.S. and Ormerod, H.A. (trs) (1918) Pausanias: Description of Greece (London)Google Scholar
Karouzou, S. (1972) ʻAn underworld scene on a black-figured lekythosʼ, JHS 92, 64–73
10.2307/629973CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keesling, C.M. (2005) ʻMisunderstood gestures: iconatrophy and the reception of Greek sculpture in the Roman Imperial periodʼ, ClAnt 24.1, 41–79
Google Scholar
Kokkou, A. (2009) ῾Η µέριµνα γιὰ τὶς ἀρχαιότητϵς στὴν ῾Ελλάδα καὶ τὰ πρῶτα µουσϵῖα 2 (Athens)Google Scholar
Köppen, P. von (1823) Die dreygestaltige Hekate und ihre Rolle in den Mysterien (Vienna)Google Scholar
Kraus, T. (1960) Hekate. Studien zu Wesen und Bild der Göttin in Kleinasien und Griechenland (Heidelberger kunstgeschichtliche Abhandlungen N. F. 5) (Heidelberg)Google Scholar
Kron, U. (1992) ‘Heilige Steine’, in Froning, H., Hölscher, T. and Mielsch, H. (eds), Kotinos. Festschrift für Erika Simon (Mainz) 56–70
Google Scholar
Krumeich, R. (1997) Bildnisse griechischer Herrscher und Staatsmänner im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (Munich)Google Scholar
Krumeich, R. (2010) ‘Vor klassischem Hintergrund. Zum Phänomen der Wiederverwendung älterer Statuen auf der Athener Akropolis als Ehrenstatuen für Römer’, in Krumeich, R. and Witschel, C. (eds), Die Akropolis von Athen im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Wiesbaden) 329–9810.29091/9783954905904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krumeich, R. and Witschel, C. (2010) ‘Die Akropolis als zentrales Heiligtum und Ort athenischer Identitätsbildung’, in Krumeich, R. and Witschel, C. (eds), Die Akropolis von Athen im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Wiesbaden) 1–53
10.29091/9783954905904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, S. (2004) ʻAthenian state laws and decrees 352/1–322/1: I. Decrees honouring Atheniansʼ, ZPE 150, 85–120
Google Scholar
Lambert, S. (2007) ʻAthenian state laws and decrees, 352/1–322/1: IV Treaties and other textsʼ, ZPE 161, 67–100
Google Scholar
Lehmann, L. and Kansteiner, S. (2007) ʻ4. Sokrates aus Theben, 4.1 Athen, Akropolis: Relief der drei Chariten’, in Kansteiner, S., Lehmenn, L., Seidensticker, B. and Stemmer, K. (eds), Text und Skulptur: Berühmte Bildhauer und Bronzegießer der Antike in Wort und Bild (Berlin and New York) 15–19
Google Scholar
Lehmann, L. and Raeder, J. (2007) ʻ6. Phidias aus Athen, 6.2. Athen, Akropolis, Parthenon: Kolossalstatue der Athena Parthenos’, in Kansteiner, S., Lehmenn, L., Seidensticker, B. and Stemmer, K. (eds), Text und Skulptur: Berühmte Bildhauer und Bronzegießer der Antike in Wort und Bild (Berlin and New York) 33–46
Google Scholar
Lempidaki, E. (2013) ʻΗ λατρϵία της Aθηνάς Νίκης στην Aκρόπολη των Aθηνών – Aπό την Aθηνά την Νίκη στη Νίκη Άπτϵροʼ, in Sioumpara, E.P. and Psaroudakis, K. (eds), ΘEMEΛΙΟΝ. 24 μϵλέτϵς για τον Δάσκαλο ΠETΡΟ ΘEMEΛH από τους μαθητές και τους συνϵργάτϵς του (Athens) 367–93Google Scholar
Lowe, J.E. (1992) ʻMagical Hekateʼ, in Ronan, S. (ed.), The Goddess Hekate: Studies in Ancient Pagan and Christian Religion and Philosophy 1 (Hastings) 11–15Google Scholar
Mark, I.S. (1993) The Sanctuary of Athena Nike in Athens: Architectural Stages and Chronology (Hesperia Supplement 26) (Princeton)10.2307/1354000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, M. (2017) Athena, Göttin von Athen: Kult und Mythos auf der Akropolis bis in klassische Zeit (Vienna)Google Scholar
Monaco, M.C. (1999–2000) ‘Atene, Museo dell’Acropoli 1341+2594: ancora sui rilievi con le Charites di Sokrates’, ArchClass 51, 85–104
Google Scholar
Monaco, M.C. (2010) ʻI Propilei e la Pinacotecaʼ, in Greco, E. (ed.), Topografia di Atene. Sviluppo urbano e monumenti dale origini al III secolo d. C. I. Acropoli, Areopago, tra Acropoli e Pnice (Paestum) 80–84
Google Scholar
Mylonopoulos, J. (2010) ʻDivine images versus cult images: an endless story about theories, methods, and terminologiesʼ, in Mylonopoulos, J. (ed.), Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome (Leiden and Boston) 1–19
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nawracala, S. (2019) Repräsentation und Kultausübung an Toren und Eingängen der ägäischen Bronzezeit (Hamburg)Google Scholar
Paga, J. (2017) ‘Contested space at the entrance to the Athenian Acropolis’, JSAH 76, 154–74Google Scholar
Pala, E. (2012) Acropoli di Atene. Un microcosmo della produzione e distribuzione della ceramica attica (Rome)Google Scholar
Palagia, O. (1989–1990) ‘A new relief of the Graces and the Charites of Socrates’, Sacris Erudiri 31, 347–5610.1484/J.SE.2.303743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palagia, O. (2009) ʻArchaism and the quest of immortality in Attic sculpture during the Peloponnesian Warʼ, in Palagia, O. (ed.), Art in Athens during the Peloponnesian War (Cambridge) 24–51
Google Scholar
Palagia, O. (2013) ‘Not from the spoils of Marathon: Pheidias’ bronze Athena on the Acropolis’, in Buraselis, K. and Koulakiotis, E. (eds), Marathon: The Day After. Symposium Proceedings, Delphi 2–4 July, 2010 (Athens) 117–37Google Scholar
Palagia, O. (2014) ‘Three Graces at the Panathenaia’, in Avramidou, A. and Demetriou, D. (eds), Approaching the Ancient Artifact: Representation, Narrative and Function. A Festschrift in Honor of Alan Shapiro (Berlin and Boston) 233–42Google Scholar
Papadimitriou, N. (2017) ʻΣυνοίκησις in Mycenaean times? The political and cultural geography of Attica in the second millennium BCEʼ, CHS Research Bulletin 5.2 <http://www.chs-fellows.org/2017/09/11/sunoikisis-mycenaean/>>Google Scholar
Parker, R. (2005) ʻArtémis Ilithye et autres: le problème du nom divin utilisé comme épiclèseʼ, in Belayche, N., Brulé, P., Freyburger, G., Lehmann, Y. and. Pernot, L. (eds), Nommer les dieux. Théonymes, épithètes, épiclèses dans l’antiquité (Recherches sur les rhétoriques religieuses 5) (Turnhout) 219–2610.1484/M.RRR-EB.4.00356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pernot, L. (2005) ʻLe lieu du nom (τὀπος ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος) dans la rhétorique religieuse des Grecsʼ, in Belayche, N., Brulé, P., Freyburger, G., Lehmann, Y. and. Pernot, L. (eds), Nommer les dieux. Théonymes, épithètes, épiclèses dans l’antiquité (Recherches sur les rhétoriques religieuses 5) (Turnhout) 29–39
10.1484/M.RRR-EB.4.00339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, E. (1880) ʻDie dreigestaltige Hekateʼ, Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, 140–74Google Scholar
Petersen, E. (1881) ʻDie dreigestaltige Hekateʼ, Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, 1–84
Google Scholar
Pirenne-Delforge, V. (2008) Retour à la source. Pausanias et la religion grecque (Kernos Supplément 20) (Liège)10.4000/books.pulg.1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polinskaya, I. (2013) A Local History of Greek Polytheism: Gods, People, and the Land of Aigina, 800–400 BCE (Leiden)10.1163/9789004262089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raeder, J. and Lehmann, L. (2014) Der Neue Overbeck II. Klassik: Bildhauer und Maler des 5. Jhs. v. Chr. s.v. Alkamenes (Ἀλκαμένης) aus Athen (Berlin and Boston) 354–90Google Scholar
Rathgeber, G. (1841) ʻHekate Epipyrgidia d’Alcamene sull’Acropoli d’Ateneʼ, Annali dell’ instituto di corrispondenza archeologica 12, 45–82
Google Scholar
Reinhardt, A. (2019) Reproduktion und Bild. Zu Wiederholung und Vielfalt von Reliefs in römischer Zeit (MAR 41) (Wiesbaden)10.29091/9783954906888CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheer, T. (2000) Die Gottheit und ihr Bild. Untersuchungen zur Funktion griechischer Kultbilder in Religion und Politik (Munich)Google Scholar
Schömann, G.F. (1856) ʻDe Hekate Hesiodeaʼ, in Schömann, G.F. (ed.), Opuscula Academica I (Berlin) 215–49Google Scholar
Serafini, N. (2012) ʻUna lekythos attica a figure nere: una nuova letturaʼ, Rivista di antichità 21.1–2, 177–85Google Scholar
Serafini, N. (2015) La dea Ecate nell’antica Grecia. Una protettrice dalla quale proteggersi (Ariccia)Google Scholar
Shear, I.M. (1999) ʻThe western approach to the Athenian Akropolisʼ, JHS 119, 86–127
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sioumpara, E.P. (2018) ‘Set in stone at the Mycenaean Acropolis of Athens: Documentation with 3D integrated methodologies’, in Brysbaert, A., Klinkenberg, V., Gutiérrez-Garcia M, A.. and Vikatou, I. (eds), Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Built Environment (Leiden) 141–67Google Scholar
Sioumpara, E.P. (2019) ‘Managing the debris: spoliation of architecture and dedications on the Athenian Acropolis after the Persian destruction’, in Palagia, O. and Sioumpara, E.P. (eds), From Hippias to Kallias: Greek Art in Athens and Beyond, 527–449 BC (Athens) 31–51
Google Scholar
Sioumpara, E.P. and Papazarkadas, N. (2020) ‘Νέο θραύσμα της στήλης της Χαλκοθήκης IG II² 120+1465’, HOROS 26–31, 2014–19, 63–75Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (2015) ʻEpigraphic evidenceʼ, in Eidinow, E. and Kindt, J. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion (Oxford) 97–111
Google Scholar
Theis, C. (2018) ʻHekate Triformis auf Gemmenʼ, in Kiyanrad, S., Theis, C. and Willer, L. (eds), Bild und Schrift auf ʻmagischenʼ Artefakten (Berlin, Boston) 165–8010.1515/9783110604337-007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weißl, M. (1998) Torgottheiten. Studien zum sakralen und magischen Schutz von griechischen Stadt- und Burgtoren unter Einbeziehung der benachbarten Kulturen (last update 2012) <https://www.academia.edu/4905465/Torgottheiten>>Google Scholar
Werth, N. (2006) Hekate. Untersuchungen zur dreigestaltigen Göttin (Antiquitates 37) (Hamburg)Google Scholar
West, D.R. (1995) Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Female Daemons of Oriental Origin: [especially in relation to the mythology of goddesses and daemons in the semitic world] (Alter Orient und Altes Testament) (Kevelaer)Google Scholar
Willers, D. (1975) Zu den Anfängen der archaistischen Plastik in Griechenland (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung Beiheft 4) (Berlin)Google Scholar
Willey, H. (2015) ʻLiterary evidence-proseʼ, in Eidinow, E. and Kindt, J. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion (Oxford) 67–82
Google Scholar
Wright, J.C. (1994) ʻThe Mycenaean entrance system at the west end of the Akropolis of Athensʼ, Hesperia 63, 323–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zografou, A. (2010) Chemins d’Hécate. Portes, routes, carrefours et autres figures de l’entre-deux (Kernos Supplément 24) (Liège)10.4000/books.pulg.1641CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graml supplementary material
Graml supplementary material 1
Image
1.3 MB
Graml supplementary material
Graml supplementary material 2
Image
39 MB