Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T06:46:59.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Numerical and experimental investigations of low-density supersonic jets of hydrogen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2006

I. D. Boyd ,
D. R. Beattie  and
M. A. Cappelli
I. D. Boyd
Affiliation:
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
D. R. Beattie
Affiliation:
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
M. A. Cappelli
Affiliation:
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Low-density flow of molecular hydrogen from a small nozzle is studied using numerical and experimental techniques. The conditions in the nozzle indicate that non-equilibrium effects will significantly influence the flow. Therefore, the numerical analysis is undertaken using a Monte Carlo approach. The experimental studies employ spontaneous Raman scattering. Comparisons of the measured data and computed results are made for total number density, rotational temperature, and for the number density of the first rotational level. The numerical results are found to be quite sensitive to the rotational relaxation rate, and a strong degree of thermal non-equilibrium is observed at the exit plane of the nozzle. Comparisons between experiment and analysis permit estimation of the rotational relaxation rate for hydrogen. Investigations are also conducted for expansion of the supersonic jet into a finite back pressure. The interaction of the plume with the chamber background gas is found to form shock waves in both the simulations and experiments. This phenomenon is investigated further by increasing the background pressure. Direct comparison of the simulation results and experimental measurements is very favourable.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 280 , 10 December 1994 , pp. 41 - 67
Copyright
© 1994 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bird, G. A. 1976 Molecular Gas Dynamics. Clarendon.
Bird, G. A. 1981 Monte Carlo simulation in an engineering context. In Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Part 1, pp. 239–255. AIAA.
Boitnott, C. A. & Warder, R. C. 1971 Shock tube measurements of rotational relaxation in hydrogen. Phys. Fluids 14, 2312–2316.Google Scholar
Boyd, I. D. 1990 Analysis of rotational nonequilibrium in standing shock waves of nitrogen. AIAA J. 28, 1997–1999.Google Scholar
Boyd, I. D. 1991 Vectorization of a Monte Carlo method for nonequilibrium gas dynamics. J. Comput. Phys. 96, 411–427.Google Scholar
Boyd, I. D., Jafry, Y. R. & Vanden Beukel, J. 1994 Particle simulations of helium microthruster flows. J. Spacecraft 31, 271–277.Google Scholar
Boyd, I. D., Penko, P. F., Meissner, D. L. & Dewitt, K. J. 1992 Experimental and numerical investigations of low-density nozzle and plume flows of nitrogen. AIAA J. 30, 2453–2461.Google Scholar
Ford, A. L. & Brown, J. C. 1973 Rayleigh and Raman cross sections for the hydrogen molecule. Atomic Data 5, 305–313.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. J. & Fenn, J. B. 1974 Rotational relaxation of molecular hydrogen. J. Chem. Phys, 60, 3087–3091.Google Scholar
Jennings, D. E., Rahn, L. A. & Owyoung, A. 1985 Laboratory measurement of the S(9) pure rotation frequency. Astro. J. 291, L15–L18.Google Scholar
Lambert, J. D. 1977 Vibrational and Rotational Relaxation in Gases. Clarendon.
Lensch, G. & Gronig, H. 1977 Experimental determination of rotational relaxation in molecular hydrogen and deuterium. In Proc. 11th Intl Symp. Shock Tubes and Shock Waves, pp. 132–139. University of Washington Press.
Lumpkin, F. E., Haas, B. L. & Boyd, I. D. 1991 Resolution of differences between collision number definitions in particle and continuum simulations. Phys. Fluids A 3, 2282–2284.Google Scholar
McQuarrie, D. A. 1973 Statistical Thermodynamics, p. 107. University Science Books.
Parker, J. G. 1964 Comparison of experimental and theoretical vibrational relaxation times for diatomic gases. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 1600–1609.Google Scholar
Penko, P. F., Boyd, I. D., Meissner, D. L. & Dewitt, K. J. 1993 Measurement and analysis of a small nozzle plume in vacuum. J. Propulsion 9, 646–648.Google Scholar
Valentini, J. J. 1987 Laser Spectroscopy and Its Applications, p. 516. Marcel Dekker.
Viers, D. K. & Rosenblatt, G. M. 1987 Raman line positions in molecular hydrogen: H2, HD, HT, D2, DT, and T2. J. Mol. Spec. 121, 401–419.Google Scholar
Weber, A. 1973 The Raman Effect, vol. 2, p. 732. Marcel Dekker.
Wolniewicz, L. 1983 The X1Σ+g state vibration-rotational energies of the H2, HD, and D2 molecules. J. Chem. Phys. 78 6173–6181.Google Scholar