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Numerical analysis of dynamic acoustic resonance with deformed liquid surfaces: the acoustic fountain
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 December 2023
Abstract
Applying a focused ultrasonic field on a free liquid surface results in its growth eventually leading to the so-called acoustic fountain. In this work, a numerical approach is presented to further increase the understanding of the acoustic fountain phenomenon. The developed simulation method enables the prediction of the free surface motion and the dynamic acoustic field in the moving liquid. The dynamic system is a balance between inertia, surface tension and the acoustic radiation force, and its nonlinearity is demonstrated by studying the relation between the ultrasonic excitation amplitude and corresponding liquid deformation. We show that dynamic resonance is the main mechanism causing the specific acoustic fountain shapes, and the analysis of the dynamic acoustic pressure allows us to predict Faraday-instability atomisation. We show that strong resonance peaks cause atomisation bursts and strong transient deformations corresponding to previously reported experimental observations. The quantitative prediction of the dynamic acoustic pressure enables us to assess the potential of cavitation generation in acoustic fountains. The observed local high acoustic pressures above both the cavitation and the atomisation threshold hint at the coexistence of these two phenomena in acoustic fountains.
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Cailly et al. supplementary movie 1
Simulation of the Magnitude 1 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.5 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 2
Simulation of the Magnitude 2 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.3 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 3
Simulation of the Magnitude 3 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.1 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 4
Simulation of the Magnitude 4 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.8 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 5
Simulation of the Magnitude 5 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.3 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 6
Simulation of the Magnitude 6 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.8 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 7
Simulation of the Magnitude 7 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.3 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 8
Simulation of the Magnitude 8 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
6.5 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 9
Simulation of the Magnitude 9 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
5.1 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 10
Simulation of the Magnitude 10 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
2.5 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 11
Simulation of the Magnitude 11 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
7 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 12
Simulation of the Magnitude 12 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
2 MB
Cailly et al. supplementary movie 13
Simulation of the Magnitude 13 case. Top: Shape of the moving liquid surface. The vertical velocity in the centre of the fountain is displayed and the colour scale characterizes the acoustic vibration with respect to the following thresholds: Light blue: below the Faraday threshold, Red: above the Faraday threshold and below the atomisation threshold, Orange: above the atomisation threshold. Bottom: Evolution of the maximum absolute pressure over time.
File
3.9 MB