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Dynamically consistent entrainment laws for depth-averaged avalanche models

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2014

Dieter Issler
Dieter Issler*
Affiliation:
Natural Hazards Division, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
*
†Email address for correspondence: di@ngi.no
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Abstract

The bed entrainment rate in a gravity mass flow (GMF) is uniquely determined by the properties of the bed and the flow. In depth-averaging, however, critical information on the flow variables near the bed is lost and empirical assumptions usually are made instead. We study the interplay between bed and flow assuming a perfectly brittle bed, characterized by its shear strength ${\it\tau}_{c}$, and erosion along the bottom surface of the flow; frontal entrainment is neglected here. The brittleness assumption implies that the shear stress at the bed surface cannot exceed ${\it\tau}_{c}$. For quasi-stationary flows in a simplified setting, analytic solutions are found for Bingham and frictional–collisional (FC) fluids. Extending this theory to non-stationary flows requires some assumptions for the velocity profile. For the Bingham fluid, the profile of a ‘proxy’ quasi-stationary eroding flow is used; the rheological parameters are chosen to match the instantaneous velocity and shear-layer depth of the non-stationary flow. For the FC fluid, a two-parameter family of functions that closely match the profiles obtained in depth-resolved numerical simulations is assumed; the boundary conditions determine the instantaneous parameter values and allow computation of the erosion rate. Preliminary tests with the FC erosion formula incorporated in a simple slab model indicate that the non-stationary erosion formula matches the depth-resolved simulations asymptotically, but differs in the start-up phase. The non-stationary erosion formulae are valid only up to a limit velocity (and to a limit flow depth if there is Coulomb friction). This appears to mark the transition to another erosion regime – to be described by a different model – where chunks of bed material are intermittently ripped out and gradually entrained into the flow.

JFM classification

Mathematical Foundations: General fluid mechanics Geophysical and Geological Flows: Geophysical and Geological Flows
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 759 , 25 November 2014 , pp. 701 - 738
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© 2014 Cambridge University Press 

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