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Compressibility effects in supersonic and hypersonic turbulent boundary layers subject to wall disturbances

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 October 2023

Ming Yu Open the ORCID record for Ming Yu [Opens in a new window] ,
QingQing Zhou ,
SiWei Dong Open the ORCID record for SiWei Dong [Opens in a new window] ,
XianXu Yuan Open the ORCID record for XianXu Yuan [Opens in a new window]  and
ChunXiao Xu Open the ORCID record for ChunXiao Xu [Opens in a new window]
Ming Yu*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, PR China Beijing Fluid Dynamics Scientific Research Center, Beijing 100011, PR China
QingQing Zhou
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, PR China
SiWei Dong
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, PR China
XianXu Yuan
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, PR China Beijing Fluid Dynamics Scientific Research Center, Beijing 100011, PR China
ChunXiao Xu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
*
†Email address for correspondence: yum16@tsinghua.org.cn
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Abstract

In the present study, we investigate the compressibility effects in supersonic and hypersonic turbulent boundary layers under the influence of wall disturbances by exploiting direct numerical simulation databases at Mach numbers up to 6. Such wall disturbances enforce extra Reynolds shear stress on the wall and induce mean streamline curvature in rough wall turbulence that leads to the intensification of turbulent motions in the outer region. The turbulent and fluctuating Mach numbers, the density and the velocity divergence fluctuation intensities suggest that the compressibility effects are enhanced by the increment of the free-stream Mach number and the implementation of the wall disturbances. The differences between the Reynolds and Favre average due to the density fluctuations constitute approximately $9\,\%$ of the mean velocity close to the wall and $30\,\%$ of the Reynolds stress near the edge of the boundary layer, indicating their non-negligibility in turbulent modelling strategies. The comparatively strong compressive events behaving as eddy shocklets are observed at the free-stream Mach number of $6$ only in the cases with wall disturbances. By further splitting the velocity into the solenoidal and dilatational components with the Helmholtz decomposition, we found that the dilatational motions are organized as travelling wave packets in the wall-parallel planes close to the wall and as forward inclined structures in the form of radiated waves in the vertical planes. Despite their increased magnitudes and higher portion in the Reynolds normal and shear stresses, the dilatational motions show no tendency of contributing significantly to the skin friction and the production of turbulent kinetic energy due to their mitigation by the cross-correlation between the solenoidal and dilatational velocity components.

JFM classification

Aerodynamics: High-speed flow Turbulent Flows: Compressible turbulence Turbulent Flows: Turbulent boundary layers
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 972 , 10 October 2023 , A32
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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