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Bolus formation from fission of nonlinear internal waves over a mild slope

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2021

Amin Ghassemi Open the ORCID record for Amin Ghassemi [Opens in a new window] ,
Saeid Zahedi  and
Leon Boegman Open the ORCID record for Leon Boegman [Opens in a new window]
Amin Ghassemi*
Affiliation:
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, 58 University Avenue, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
Saeid Zahedi
Affiliation:
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, 58 University Avenue, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
Leon Boegman
Affiliation:
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, 58 University Avenue, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
*
† Email address for correspondence: amin.ghassemi@queensu.ca
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Abstract

Breaking nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) of depression on boundary slopes drives mixing in the coastal ocean. Of the different breaker types, fission is most commonly observed on mild slopes of continental margins. However, fission on mild slopes has rarely been investigated in the laboratory owing to limitations on flume length. In the present work, a train of NLIWs of depression is generated in an 18.2 m wave flume and shoaled upon a mild uniform slope. During fission, each NLIW of depression scatters into one or two NLIWs of elevation, which transforms into a bolus at the bolus birth point, where shear instability occurs through the pycnocline. The bolus propagates upslope, decreasing in size until it degenerates by shear and lobe-cleft instability, while losing volume to a return flow along the bed. The location of the bolus birth point, bolus propagation length scale, initial size and the number of boluses from each incident wave are parameterized from the wave half-width and the wave Froude number associated with the incident NLIW. These are compared with the characteristics of boluses generated by other breaking mechanisms on steeper slopes. Some bolus characteristics (height to length ratio, change in size and velocity field) are similar for boluses generated by fission, collapsing sinusoidal waves and internal solitary waves of elevation; however, the number of boluses, their birth point and initial height differ. The boluses formed by fission have more initial energy and no reflection. Further research is required to better quantify bolus-driven mixing on continental margins.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Coastal engineering Geophysical and Geological Flows: Internal waves Geophysical and Geological Flows: Stratified flows
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 932 , 10 February 2022 , A50
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© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Ghassemi et al. supplementary movie 1

Bolus formation mechanism when there are two boluses for each incident ISW of depression.

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Ghassemi et al. supplementary movie 2

The run-up of a bolus after its formation (Side view)

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Ghassemi et al. supplementary movie 3

The run-up of a bolus after its formation (Top view)

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Ghassemi et al. supplementary material

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