Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T00:57:21.783Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Managerial Ability and the Shareholder Tax Sensitivity of Dividends

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2018

Abstract

We examine the impact of managerial ability on the shareholder tax sensitivity of dividends. We find that managerial ability increases the sensitivity of dividends to the dividend tax penalty. In addition, the positive association between managerial ability and the shareholder tax sensitivity of dividends decreases in institutional ownership. Further, managerial ability increases the shareholder tax sensitivity of the substitution of dividends with share repurchases. Finally, evidence from tax reforms reveals that high ability managers are more responsive to a reduction in dividend tax penalty than to an increase. We conclude that managerial ability influences the formation of tax-efficient dividend policies.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

We thank Jarrad Harford (the editor) and Martin Jacob (the referee) for comments and suggestions. An error in this article has been corrected; please see doi:10.1017/S0022109018000339.

References

Abrutyn, S., and Turner, R. W.. “Taxes and Firms’ Dividend Policies: Survey Results.” National Tax Journal, 43 (1990), 491496.Google Scholar
Allen, F.; Bernardo, A. E.; and Welch, I.. “A Theory of Dividends Based on Tax Clienteles.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 24992536.Google Scholar
Anthony, J. H., and Ramesh, K.. “Association between Accounting Performance Measures and Stock Prices: A Test of the Life Cycle Hypothesis.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 15 (1992), 203227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arditti, F. D.; Levy, H.; and Sarnat, M.. “Taxes, Uncertainty and Optimal Dividend Policy.” Financial Management, 5 (1976), 4652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baik, B.; Farber, D. B.; and Lee, S. S.. “CEO Ability and Management Earnings Forecasts.” Contemporary Accounting Research, 28 (2011), 16451668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M., and Wurgler, J.. “A Catering Theory of Dividends.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 11251165.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S.; Gatchev, V. A.; and Spindt, P. A.. “Stock Market Liquidity and Firm Dividend Policy.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 369397.Google Scholar
Barclay, M. J.; Holderness, C. G.; and Sheehan, D. P.. “Dividends and Corporate Shareholders.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 24232455.Google Scholar
Barth, M. E., and Kasznik, R.. “Share Repurchases and Intangible Assets.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 28 (1999), 211241.Google Scholar
Ben-Horim, M.; Hochman, S.; and Palmon, O.. “The Impact of the 1986 Tax Reform Act on Corporate Financial Policy.” Financial Management, 16 (1987), 2935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, M., and Schoar, A.. “Managing with Style: The Effect of Managers on Firm Policies.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2003), 11691208.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, S.Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and ‘the Bird in the Hand’ Fallacy.” Bell Journal of Economics, 10 (1979), 259270.Google Scholar
Bolster, P. J., and Janjigian, V.. “Dividend Policy and Valuation Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.” National Tax Journal, 44 (1991), 511518.Google Scholar
Brav, A.; Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Michaely, R.. “Payout Policy in the 21st Century.” Journal of Financial Economics, 77 (2005), 483527.Google Scholar
Brav, A.; Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Michaely, R.. “Managerial Response to the May 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” Financial Management, 37 (2008), 611624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. R.; Liang, N.; and Weisbenner, S.. “Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Firm Responses to the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” Journal of Finance, 62 (2007), 19351965.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, A., and Hambrick, D. C.. “It’s All about Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 52 (2007), 351386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chetty, R., and Saez, E.. “Dividend Taxes and Corporate Behavior: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (2005), 791833.Google Scholar
Chetty, R., and Saez, E.. “Dividend and Corporate Taxation in an Agency Model of the Firm.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2 (2010), 131.Google Scholar
Cowan, A. R.; Nayar, N.; and Singh, A. K.. “Stock Returns before and after Calls of Convertible Bonds.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 25 (1990), 549554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, Z.; Shackelford, D. A.; Zhang, H. H.; and Chen, C.. “Does Financial Constraint Affect the Relation between Shareholder Taxes and the Cost of Equity Capital?Accounting Review, 88 (2013), 16031627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeAngelo, H.; DeAngelo, L.; and Stulz, R. M.. “Dividend Policy and the Earned/Contributed Capital Mix: A Test of the Life-Cycle Theory.” Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2006), 227254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demerjian, P.; Lev, B.; and McVay, S.. “Quantifying Managerial Ability: A New Measure and Validity Tests.” Management Science, 58 (2012), 12291248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demerjian, P. R.; Lev, B.; Lewis, M. F.; and McVay, S. E.. “Managerial Ability and Earnings Quality.” Accounting Review, 88 (2013), 463498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhaliwal, D.; Krull, L.; Li, O. Z.; and Moser, W.. “Dividend Taxes and Implied Cost of Equity Capital.” Journal of Accounting Research, 43 (2005), 675708.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, D.; Li, O. Z.; and Trezevant, R.. “Is a Dividend Tax Penalty Incorporated into the Return on a Firm’s Common Stock?Journal of Accounting and Economics, 35 (2003), 155178.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, D. S.; Erickson, M.; and Trezevant, R.. “A Test of the Theory of Tax Clienteles for Dividend Policies.” National Tax Journal, 52 (1999), 179194.Google Scholar
Dickinson, V.Cash Flow Patterns as a Proxy for Firm Life Cycle.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 19691994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doidge, C., and Dyck, A.. “Taxes and Corporate Policies: Evidence from a Quasi Natural Experiment.” Journal of Finance, 70 (2015), 4589.Google Scholar
Dyreng, S. D.; Hanlon, M.; and Maydew, E. L.. “The Effects of Executives on Corporate Tax Avoidance.” Accounting Review, 85 (2010), 11631189.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, F. H.Two Agency-Cost Explanations of Dividends.” American Economic Review, 74 (1984), 650659.Google Scholar
Edgerton, J.Four Facts about Dividend Payouts and the 2003 Tax Cut.” International Tax and Public Finance, 20 (2013), 769784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M.; Lang, L. H. P.; and Young, L.. “Dividends and Expropriation.” American Economic Review, 91 (2001), 5478.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F.Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm.” Journal of Political Economy, 88 (1980), 288307.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F.My Life in Finance.” Annual Review of Financial Economics, 3 (2011), 115.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay?Journal of Financial Economics, 60 (2001), 343.Google Scholar
Farrar, D. E., and Selwyn, L. L.. “Taxes, Corporate Financial Policy and Return to Investors.” National Tax Journal, 20 (1967), 444454.Google Scholar
Fenn, G. W., and Liang, N.. “Corporate Payout Policy and Managerial Stock Incentives.” Journal of Financial Economics, 60 (2001), 4572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, B. B.; Hasan, I.; John, K.; and Song, L.. “Corporate Governance and Dividend Payout Policy: A Test Using Antitakeover Legislation.” Financial Management, 40 (2011), 83112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, G. G., and Peterson, M. O.. “The Impact of Changes in Federal Reserve Membership on Commercial Bank Performance.” Journal of Finance, 30 (1975), 713719.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, A., and Xiao, M.. “Who Thinks about the Competition? Managerial Ability and Strategic Entry in US Local Telephone Markets.” American Economic Review, 101 (2011), 31303161.Google Scholar
Grinstein, Y., and Michaely, R.. “Institutional Holdings and Payout Policy.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 13891426.Google Scholar
Grullon, G., and Michaely, R.. “Dividends, Share Repurchases, and the Substitution Hypothesis.” Journal of Finance, 57 (2002), 16491684.Google Scholar
Gul, F. A.Growth Opportunities, Capital Structure and Dividend Policies in Japan.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 5 (1999), 141168.Google Scholar
Hasan, I.; Hoi, C. K. S.; Wu, Q.; and Zhang, H.. “Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Effect of Corporate Tax Avoidance on the Cost of Bank Loans.” Journal of Financial Economics, 113 (2014), 109130.Google Scholar
Hayes, R. M., and Schaefer, S.. “How Much Are Differences in Managerial Ability Worth?Journal of Accounting and Economics, 27 (1999), 125148.Google Scholar
Hoberg, G., and Prabhala, N. R.. “Disappearing Dividends, Catering, and Risk.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 79116.Google Scholar
Holcomb, T. R.; Holmes, R. M.; and Connelly, B. L.. “Making the Most of What You Have: Managerial Ability as a Source of Resource Value Creation.” Strategic Management Journal, 30 (2009), 457485.Google Scholar
Hsieh, J., and Wang, Q.. “Insiders’ Tax Preferences and Firms’ Choices between Dividends and Share Repurchases.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 43 (2008), 213244.Google Scholar
Hu, A., and Kumar, P.. “Managerial Entrenchment and Payout Policy.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 39 (2004), 759790.Google Scholar
Jacob, M., and Jacob, M.. “Taxation, Dividends, and Share Repurchases: Taking Evidence Global.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48 (2013), 12411269.Google Scholar
Jacob, M., and Michaely, R.. “Taxation and Dividend Policy: The Muting Effect of Agency Issues and Shareholder Conflicts.” Review of Financial Studies, 30 (2017), 31763222.Google Scholar
Jain, R.Institutional and Individual Investor Preferences for Dividends and Share Repurchases.” Journal of Economics and Business, 59 (2007), 406429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M. C.Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers.” American Economic Review, 76 (1986), 323329.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H.. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), 305360.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. A.; Lin, J. C.; and Song, K. R.. “Dividend Policy, Signaling, and Discounts on Closed-End Funds.” Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2006), 539562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julio, B., and Ikenberry, D. L.. “Reappearing Dividends.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 16 (2004), 89100.Google Scholar
Jung, B.; Lee, W. J.; and Weber, D. P.. “Financial Reporting Quality and Labor Investment Efficiency.” Contemporary Accounting Research, 31 (2014), 10471076.Google Scholar
Kim, J. B., and Shi, H.. “IFRS Reporting, Firm-Specific Information Flows, and Institutional Environments: International Evidence.” Review of Accounting Studies, 17 (2012), 474517.Google Scholar
Koester, A.; Shevlin, T.; and Wangerin, D.. “The Role of Managerial Ability in Corporate Tax Avoidance.” Management Science, 63 (2016), 32853310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverty, J. T., and Grace, M. F.. “Dupes or Incompetents? An Examination of Management’s Impact on Firm Distress.” Journal of Risk and Insurance, 79 (2012), 751783.Google Scholar
Li, K., and Zhao, X.. “Asymmetric Information and Dividend Policy.” Financial Management, 37 (2008), 673694.Google Scholar
Li, O. Z.; Liu, H.; Ni, C.; and Ye, K.. “Individual Investors’ Dividend Taxes and Corporate Payout Policies.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017), 963990.Google Scholar
Lintner, J.Distribution of Incomes of Corporations among Dividends, Retained Earnings, and Taxes.” American Economic Review, 46 (1956), 97113.Google Scholar
Malmendier, U., and Tate, G.. “Superstar CEOs.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (2009), 15931638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. H., and Modigliani, F.. “Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares.” Journal of Business, 34 (1961), 411433.Google Scholar
Moser, W. J.The Effect of Shareholder Taxes on Corporate Payout Choice.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 9911019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papaioannou, G. J., and Savarese, C. M.. “Corporate Dividend Policy Response to the Tax Reform Act of 1986.” Financial Management, 23 (1994), 5663.Google Scholar
Sialm, C., and Starks, L.. “Mutual Fund Tax Clienteles.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 13971422.Google Scholar
Stephens, C. P., and Weisbach, M. S.. “Actual Share Reacquisitions in Open-Market Repurchase Programs.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 313333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stickel, S. E.The Ex-Dividend Behavior of Nonconvertible Preferred Stock Returns and Trading Volume.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 26 (1991), 4561.Google Scholar
Strickland, D.“Determinants of Institutional Ownership: Implications for Dividend Clienteles.” Working Paper, Arizona State University (1996).Google Scholar
Sun, Q., and Tong, W. H. S.. “China Share Issue Privatization: The Extent of Its Success.” Journal of Financial Economics, 70 (2003), 183222.Google Scholar
Weintraub, E. R.Neoclassical Economics.” In Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 1st ed., Henderson, David R., ed. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund (2002), 760766.Google Scholar
Yagan, D.Capital Tax Reform and the Real Economy: The Effects of the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut.” American Economic Review, 105 (2015), 35313563.Google Scholar