Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-fmk2r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-19T18:54:38.033Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Analyst Coverage and Corporate Environmental Policies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2023

Chenxing Jing
Affiliation:
University of International Business and Economics chenxing.jing95@gmail.com
Kevin Keasey*
Affiliation:
Leeds University Business School
Ivan Lim
Affiliation:
Durham University Business School ivan.lim@durham.ac.uk
Bin Xu
Affiliation:
Leeds University Business School b.xu@leeds.ac.uk
*
k.keasey@lubs.leeds.ac.uk (corresponding author)

Abstract

Exploiting two quasi-natural experiments, we find that firms increase emissions of toxic pollution following decreases in analyst coverage. The effects are stronger for firms with low initial analyst coverage, poor corporate governance, and firms subject to less stringent monitoring by environmental regulators. Decreases in environmental-related questions raised in conference calls, an increased cost of monitoring to institutional shareholders, reductions in pollution abatement investment, and the weakening of internal governance related to environmental performance are channels through which reduced analyst coverage contributes to increases in firm pollution. Our study highlights the monitoring role analysts play in shaping corporate environmental policies.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We thank an anonymous referee, Jens Hagendorff, Jarrad Harford (the editor), Costas Lambrinoudakis, Xijing Su (discussant), and the participants of the 2021 Financial Management Association Annual Conference for helpful comments and suggestions.

References

Akey, P., and Appel, I.. “Environmental Externalities of Activism.” SSRN Working Paper No. 3508808 (2019).10.2139/ssrn.3508808CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akey, P., and Appel, I.. “The Limits of Limited Liability: Evidence from Industrial Pollution.” Journal of Finance, 76 (2021), 555.10.1111/jofi.12978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appel, I. R.; Gormley, T. A.; and Keim, D. B.. “Passive Investors, Not Passive Owners.” Journal of Financial Economics, 121 (2016), 111141.10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.03.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balakrishnan, K.; Billings, M. B.; Kelly, B.; and Ljungqvist, A.. “Shaping Liquidity: On the Causal Effects of Voluntary Disclosure.” Journal of Finance, 69 (2014), 22372278.10.1111/jofi.12180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebchuk, L.; Cohen, A.; and Ferrell, A.. “What Matters in Corporate Governance?Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 783827.10.1093/rfs/hhn099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, B.; Bettis, J. C.; Gopalan, R.; and Milbourn, T.. “Compensation Goals and Firm Performance.” Journal of Financial Economics, 124 (2017), 307330.10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.01.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrone, P., and Gomez-Mejia, L. R.. “Environmental Performance and Executive Compensation: An Integrated Agency-Institutional Perspective.” Academy of Management Journal, 52 (2009), 103126.10.5465/amj.2009.36461950CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettis, J. C.; Bizjak, J.; Coles, J. L.; and Kalpathy, S.. “Performance-Vesting Provisions in Executive Compensation.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 66 (2018), 194221.10.1016/j.jacceco.2018.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, D.; Mao, C. X.; and Zhang, C.. “Does Analyst Coverage Affect Workplace Safety?Management Science, 68 (2022), 34643487.10.1287/mnsc.2021.4093CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, M.; Ertimur, Y.; and O’Brien, P.. “Financial Analysts and Their Contribution to Well-Functioning Capital Markets.” Foundations and Trends in Accounting, 11 (2017), 119191.10.1561/1400000042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, M. T.; Richardson, S. A.; and Sloan, R. G.. “The Relation Between Corporate Financing Activities, Analysts’ Forecasts and Stock Returns.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42 (2006), 5385.10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.03.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bui, L. T., and Mayer, C. J.. “Regulation and Capitalization of Environmental Amenities: Evidence from the Toxic Release Inventory in Massachusetts.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 85 (2003), 693708.10.1162/003465303322369821CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushee, B. J.Do Institutional Investors Prefer Near‐Term Earnings over Long‐Run Value?Contemporary Accounting Research, 18 (2001), 207246.Google Scholar
Bushee, B. J., and Noe, C. F.. “Corporate Disclosure Practices, Institutional Investors, and Stock Return Volatility.” Journal of Accounting Research, 38 (2000), 171202.10.2307/2672914CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrión-Flores, C. E., and Innes, R.. “Environmental Innovation and Environmental Performance.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 59 (2010), 2742.10.1016/j.jeem.2009.05.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chava, S.Environmental Externalities and Cost of Capital.” Management Science, 60 (2014), 22232247.10.1287/mnsc.2013.1863CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, N. X.; Chiu, P. C.; and Shevlin, T.. “Do Analysts Matter for Corporate Tax Planning? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Contemporary Accounting Research, 35 (2018), 794829.10.1111/1911-3846.12413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T.; Dong, H.; and Lin, C.. “Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Social Responsibility.” Journal of Financial Economics, 135 (2020), 483504.10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.06.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X.; Harford, J.; and Li, K.. “Monitoring: Which Institutions Matter?Journal of Financial Economics, 86 (2007), 279305.10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T.; Harford, J.; and Lin, C.. “Do Analysts Matter for Governance? Evidence from Natural Experiments.” Journal of Financial Economics, 115 (2015), 383410.10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T., and Lin, C.. “Does Information Asymmetry Affect Corporate Tax Aggressiveness?Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017), 20532081.10.1017/S0022109017000576CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chidambaran, N. K., and Woidtke, T.. “The Role of Negotiations in Corporate Governance: Evidence from Withdrawn Shareholder-Initiated Proposals.” Working Paper, Tulane University and Texas A&M University (1999).10.2139/ssrn.209808CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, Y., and Zhao, D.. “Green Hedge Fund Activists.” SSRN Working Paper No. 3499373 (2019).10.2139/ssrn.3499373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, K. H., and Jo, H.. “The Impact of Security Analysts’ Monitoring and Marketing Functions on the Market Value of Firms.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31 (1996), 493512.10.2307/2331357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, P. M.; Li, Y.; and Richardson, G. D.. “The Market Valuation of Environmental Capital Expenditures by Pulp and Paper Companies.” Accounting Review, 79 (2004), 329353.10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M. A. “Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Policy.” Available at SSRN 120108 (1998).10.2139/ssrn.120108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, J. L.; Daniel, N. D.; and Naveen, L.. “Co-Opted Boards.” Review of Financial Studies, 27 (2014), 17511796.10.1093/rfs/hhu011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coval, J. D., and Moskowitz, T. J.. “Home Bias at Home: Local Equity Preference in Domestic Portfolios.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 20452073.10.1111/0022-1082.00181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currie, J.; Davis, L.; Greenstone, M.; and Walker, R.. “Environmental Health Risks and Housing Values: Evidence from 1,600 Toxic Plant Openings and Closings.” American Economic Review, 105 (2015), 678709.10.1257/aer.20121656CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dechow, P. M.; Richardson, S. A.; and Tuna, I.. “Why are Earnings Kinky? An Examination of the Earnings Management Explanation.” Review of Accounting Studies, 8 (2003), 355384.10.1023/A:1024481916719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delmas, M. A., and Toffel, M. W.. “Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box.” Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2008), 10271055.10.1002/smj.701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrien, F., and Kecskes, A.. “The Real Effects of Financial Shocks: Evidence from Exogenous Changes in Analyst Coverage.” Journal of Finance, 68 (2013), 14071440.10.1111/jofi.12042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon-Fowler, H. R.; Ellstrand, A. E.; and Johnson, J. L.. “The Role of Board Environmental Committees in Corporate Environmental Performance.” Journal of Business Ethics, 140 (2017), 423438.10.1007/s10551-015-2664-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, H.; Lin, C.; and Zhan, X.. “Stock Analysts and Corporate Social Responsibility.” SSRN Working Paper No. 2656970 (2017).Google Scholar
Dyck, A.; Lins, K. V.; Roth, L.; and Wagner, H. F.. “Do Institutional Investors Drive Corporate Social Responsibility? International Evidence.” Journal of Financial Economics, 131 (2019), 693714.10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.08.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyck, A.; Morse, A.; and Zingales, L.. “Who Blows the Whistle on Corporate Fraud?Journal of Finance, 65 (2010), 22132253.10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01614.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earnhart, D.Panel Data Analysis of Regulatory Factors Shaping Environmental Performance.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 86 (2004), 391401.10.1162/003465304323023895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, R. G.; Serafeim, G.; and Krzus, M. P.. “Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 23 (2011), 113127.10.1111/j.1745-6622.2011.00357.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckbo, B. E.Mergers and the Market Concentration Doctrine: Evidence from the Capital Market.” Journal of Business, 58 (1985), 325349.10.1086/296300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellul, A., and Panayides, M.. “Do Financial Analysts Restrain Insiders’ Informational Advantage?Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53 (2018), 203241.10.1017/S0022109017000990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EPA. “Toxic Chemical Wastes Released, Treated, Combusted for Energy Recovery, or Recycled.” Available at https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=58#1 (2019).Google Scholar
Fernando, C. S.; Sharfman, M. P.; and Uysal, V. B.. “Corporate Environmental Policy and Shareholder Value: Following the Smart Money.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017) 20232051.10.1017/S0022109017000680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flammer, C.Does Product Market Competition Foster Corporate Social Responsibility? Evidence from Trade Liberalization.” Strategic Management Journal, 36 (2015), 14691485.10.1002/smj.2307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flammer, C.; Hong, B.; and Minor, D.. “Corporate Governance and the Rise of Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility Criteria in Executive Compensation: Effectiveness and Implications for Firm Outcomes.” Strategic Management Journal, 40 (2019), 10971122.10.1002/smj.3018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frydman, C., and Jenter, D.. “CEO Compensation.” Annual Review of Financial Economics, 2 (2010), 75102.10.1146/annurev-financial-120209-133958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, R.; Tang, Y.; and Chen, G.. “Chief Sustainability Officers and Corporate Social (Ir) Responsibility.” Strategic Management Journal, 41 (2020), 656680.10.1002/smj.3113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goetz, M. R. “Financing Conditions and Toxic Emissions.” SSRN Working Paper No. 3411137 (2019).10.2139/ssrn.3411137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gompers, P.; Ishii, J.; and Metrick, A.. “Corporate Governance and Equity Prices.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2003), 107156.10.1162/00335530360535162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gow, I. D.; Larcker, D. F.; and Zakolyukina, A. A.. “Non‐Answers During Conference Calls.” Journal of Accounting Research, 59 (2021), 13491384.10.1111/1475-679X.12371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graff Zivin, J., and Neidell, M.. “The Impact of Pollution on Worker Productivity.” American Economic Review, 102 (2012), 36523673.10.1257/aer.102.7.3652CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, J. R.; Harvey, C. R.; and Rajgopal, S.. “The Economic Implications of Corporate Financial Reporting.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40 (2005), 373.10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstone, M.Estimating Regulation-Induced Substitution: The Effect of the Clean Air Act on Water and Ground Pollution.” American Economic Review, 93 (2003), 442448.10.1257/000282803321947498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, B.; Pérez-Castrillo, D.; and Toldrà-Simats, A.. “Firms’ Innovation Strategy Under the Shadow of Analyst Coverage.” Journal of Financial Economics, 131 (2019), 456483.10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.08.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, R., and Oliva, P.. “The Effect of Pollution on Labor Supply: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Mexico City.” Journal of Public Economics, 122 (2015), 6879.10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, O., and Zingales, L.. “Should a Company Pursue Shareholder Value?” Conference Economics of Social Sector Organizations, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business (Vol. 12, p. 2018) (2016).Google Scholar
Hazarika, S.; Karpoff, J. M.; and Nahata, R.. “Internal Corporate Governance, CEO Turnover, and Earnings Management.” Journal of Financial Economics, 104 (2012), 4469.10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.10.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, J. J., and Tian, X.. “The Dark Side of Analyst Coverage: The Case of Innovation.” Journal of Financial Economics, 109 (2013), 856878.10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrichs, A.; Park, J.; and Soltes, E. F.. “Who Consumes Firm Disclosures? Evidence from Earnings Conference Calls.” Accounting Review, 94 (2019), 205231.10.2308/accr-52223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, E.; Jiang, X.; and Rozario, A.. “The Evolution of Environmental Discourse: Evidence from Conference Calls.” SSRN Working Paper No. 3863354 (2021).10.2139/ssrn.3863354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoberg, G., and Maksimovic, V.Redefining Financial Constraints: A Text–Based Analysis.” Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 13121352.10.1093/rfs/hhu089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoberg, G., and Phillips, G.. “Text-Based Network Industries and Endogenous Product Differentiation.” Journal of Political Economy, 124 (2016), 14231465.10.1086/688176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollander, S.; Pronk, M.; and Roelofsen, E.. “Does Silence Speak? An Empirical Analysis of Disclosure Choices During Conference Calls.” Journal of Accounting Research, 48 (2010), 531563.10.1111/j.1475-679X.2010.00365.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H., and Kacperczyk, M.. “The Price of Sin: The Effects of Social Norms on Markets.” Journal of Financial Economics, 93 (2009), 1536.10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H., and Kacperczyk, M.. “Competition and Bias.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (2010), 16831725.10.1162/qjec.2010.125.4.1683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H., and Kostovetsky, L.. “Red and Blue Investing: Values and Finance.” Journal of Financial Economics, 103 (2012), 119.10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, H., and Kubik, J. D.. “Analyzing the Analysts: Career Concerns and Biased Earnings Forecasts.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 313351.10.1111/1540-6261.00526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, A. H.; Lehavy, R.; Zang, A. Y.; and Zheng, R.. “Analyst Information Discovery and Interpretation Roles: A Topic Modeling Approach.” Management Science, 64 (2018), 28332855.10.1287/mnsc.2017.2751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ioannou, I., and Serafeim, G.. “The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Investment Recommendations: Analysts’ Perceptions and Shifting Institutional Logics. Strategic Management Journal, 36 (2015), 10531081.10.1002/smj.2268CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irani, R. M., and Oesch, D.. “Monitoring and Corporate Disclosure: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Journal of Financial Economics, 109 (2013), 398418.10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.02.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irani, R. M., and Oesch, D.. “Analyst Coverage and Real Earnings Management: Quasi-Experimental Evidence.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 51 (2016), 589627.10.1017/S0022109016000156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jemel-Fornetty, H.; Louche, C.; and Bourghelle, D.. “Changing the Dominant Convention: The Role of Emerging Initiatives in Mainstreaming ESG.” Finance and Sustainability: Towards a New Paradigm, 2 (2011), 85117.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., and Meckling, W. H.. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), 305360.10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karpoff, J. M.; Lott, J. R. Jr; and Wehrly, E. W.. “The Reputational Penalties for Environmental Violations: Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Law and Economics, 48 (2005), 653675.10.1086/430806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasznik, R., and McNichols, M. F.. “Does Meeting Earnings Expectations Matter? Evidence from Analyst Forecast Revisions and Share Prices.” Journal of Accounting Research, 40 (2002), 727759.10.1111/1475-679X.00069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kedia, S., and Rajgopal, S.. “Do the SEC’s Enforcement Preferences Affect Corporate Misconduct?Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (2011), 259278.10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, B., and Ljungqvist, A.. “Testing Asymmetric-Information Asset Pricing Models.” Review of Financial Studies, 25 (2012) 13661413.10.1093/rfs/hhr134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. B.; Lu, L. Y.; and Yu, Y.. “Analyst Coverage and Expected Crash Risk: Evidence from Exogenous Changes in Analyst Coverage.” Accounting Review, 94 (2019a), 345364.10.2308/accr-52280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, I.; Wan, H.; Wang, B.; and Yang, T.. “Institutional Investors and Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance Policies: Evidence from Toxics Release Data.” Management Science, 65 (2019b), 49014926.10.1287/mnsc.2018.3055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A. A., and Lenox, M. J.. “Industry Self-Regulation Without Sanctions: The Chemical Industry’s Responsible Care Program.” Academy of Management Journal, 43 (2000), 698716.10.2307/1556362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, C. J.; Santalo, J.; and Diestre, L.. “Corporate Governance and the Environment: What Type of Governance Creates Greener Companies?Journal of Management Studies, 49 (2012), 492514.10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00993.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogan, L.; Papanikolaou, D.; Seru, A.; and Stoffman, N.. “Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132 (2017), 665712.10.1093/qje/qjw040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konar, S., and Cohen, M. A.. “Does the Market Value Environmental Performance?Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (2001), 281289.10.1162/00346530151143815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, P.; Sautner, Z.; and Starks, L. T.. “The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors.” Review of Financial Studies, 33 (2020), 10671111.10.1093/rfs/hhz137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrigan, P. J.; Fuller, R.; Acosta, N. J.; Adeyi, O.; Arnold, R.; Baldé, A. B.; Bertollini, R.; Bose-O’Reilly, S.; Boufford, J. I.; Breysse, P. N.; and Chiles, T.. “The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health.” Lancet, 391(10119) (2018), 462512.10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J.Can Investors Detect Managers’ Lack of Spontaneity? Adherence to Predetermined Scripts During Earnings Conference Calls.” Accounting Review, 91 (2016), 229250.10.2308/accr-51135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, J.150 Years of Patent Protection.” American Economic Review, 92 (2002), 221225.10.1257/000282802320189294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R.; Lin, C.; and Wang, Z.. “Toxic Emissions and Executive Migration.” NBER Working Paper No. w24389 (2018).10.2139/ssrn.3134194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, X.; Wang, H.; Raithel, S.; and Zheng, Q.. “Corporate Social Performance, Analyst Stock Recommendations, and Firm Future Returns.” Strategic Management Journal, 36 (2015), 123136.10.1002/smj.2219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D.; Pronk, M.; and Roelofsen, E.. “What Makes Conference Calls Useful? The Information Content of Managers’ Presentations and Analysts’ Discussion Sessions.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 13831414.10.2308/accr-10034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumura, E. M.; Prakash, R.; and Vera-Munoz, S. C.. “Firm-Value Effects of Carbon Emissions and Carbon Disclosures.” Accounting Review, 89 (2014), 695724.10.2308/accr-50629CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsunaga, S. R., and Park, C. W.. “The Effect of Missing a Quarterly Earnings Benchmark on the CEO’s Annual Bonus.” Accounting Review, 76 (2001), 313332.10.2308/accr.2001.76.3.313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayew, W. J., and Venkatachalam, M.. “The Power of Voice: Managerial Affective States and Future Firm Performance.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 143.10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01705.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. S.The Press as a Watchdog for Accounting Fraud.” Journal of Accounting Research, 44 (2006), 10011033.10.1111/j.1475-679X.2006.00224.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, P. C., and Bhushan, R.. “Analyst Following and Institutional Ownership.” Journal of Accounting Research, 28 (1990), 5576.10.2307/2491247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, M. E., and Van der Linde, C.. “Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 97118.10.1257/jep.9.4.97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, C.; Lu, L. Y..; and Yu, Y.. “Financial Analyst Coverage and Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from Natural Experiments.” Strategic Management Journal, 40 (2019), 22712286.10.1002/smj.3066CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharfman, M. P., and Fernando, C. S.. “Environmental Risk Management and the Cost of Capital.” Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2008), 569592.10.1002/smj.678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shive, S. A., and Forster, M. M.. “Corporate Governance and Pollution Externalities of Public and Private Firms.” Review of Financial Studies, 33 (2020), 12961330.10.1093/rfs/hhz079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J. S., and Zang, A. Y.. “What Determine Financial Analysts’ Career Outcomes During Mergers?Journal of Accounting and Economics, 47 (2009), 5986.10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Q., and Kim, T.. “Financial Constraints and Corporate Environmental Policies.” Review of Financial Studies, 35 (2022), 576635.10.1093/rfs/hhab056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, F. F.Analyst Coverage and Earnings Management.” Journal of Financial Economics, 88 (2008), 245271.10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Jing et al. supplementary material

Jing et al. supplementary material
Download Jing et al. supplementary material(File)
File 345.2 KB