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History of Sinology in Belgium Until the Open-Door Policy of the Late 1970s
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 March 2023
Abstract
This article narrates the history of Belgian Sinology both before and since the birth of Sinology (1814) and of Belgium (1830). The overview also embraces a broader group of scholars by including Sinologists who were from Belgium but did not necessarily work there. The first part of the article focuses on Sinological practices by the early missionaries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The second part covers the nineteenth and twentieth centuries until the Open-Door Policy of the 1970s. This part combines a broad chronological perspective with the history of individual persons and institutions. It includes topics such as the development of oriental studies and studies of religion, the teaching of Chinese language for commercial reasons, and the establishment of Chinese and Oriental institutes within and outside the universities.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press
Footnotes
The author expresses his gratitude to colleagues who critically read earlier versions of this text and provided suggestions to improve it: Carine Defoort, Moira De Graef, Marie-An Knops, and Benedicte Vaerman. The author is also grateful to those who generously provided material for this article: Pieter Ackerman, Bart Dessein, Jan De Maeyer, Dominique Lambert, Jo Luyten, and the Inter Library Loan service of the KU Leuven.
References
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2 Sinologus Berolinensis, “To the Editor of the New Series of the Universal Magazine,” The Universal Magazine: New Series (January–June 1804), 98.
3 Bourgeat, L.A.M., “Langues orientales—Littérature chinoise: [Review of] Plan d'un Dictionnaire chinois,” Mercure étranger 3:14 (1814), 73Google Scholar (“histoire de la sinologie”). Bourgeat is identified as “(de l'Isère), membre de la Société Philotechnique, de celle des Antiquaires de France, de l'Académie de Grenoble.”
4 This part is a selection of an unpublished English text that was translated into Chinese: Zhong Mingdan 钟鸣旦, “Didi guojia (Bilishi yu Helan) de Qingshi yanjiu” 低地国家（比利时与荷兰）的清史研究, trans. Wang Xueshen 王学深, in Bainian Qingshi yanjiu shi: Haiwai yanjiu juan 百年清史研究史：海外研究卷, ed. Hu Xiangyu 胡祥雨 (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2021), 212–41.
5 Lamalle, Edmond, “La propagande du P. N. Trigault en faveur des missions de Chine (1616),” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 9 (1940), 49–120Google Scholar.
6 This article presents a selection of the extensive bibliography on these sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For more references, see the free online bibliography: Ad Dudink and Nicolas Standaert, CCT-Database: www.arts.kuleuven.be/sinologie/english/cct.
7 Waerachtich verhael van eenige merckelycke saecken des vermaerts coninckrijcx van Syna (Den Bosch: Antoni Scheffer, 1615) (8 pp.).
8 The collected works by M. Martini are published in his Opera omnia (6 vols.), published under the direction of Franco Demarchi and Giuliano Bertuccioli (Trent: Università degli Studi di Trento, 1998–2020).
9 The full title of the English edition: Bellum Tartaricum, or the conquest of the great and most renowned empire of China, by the invasion of the Tartars, who in these last seven years, have wholy subdued that vast Empire. Together with a map of the provinces, and chief cities of the countries, for the better understanding of the story (London: John Crook, 1654).
10 There are three editions: in French, Spanish, and Dutch: Histoire d'une Dame chrétienne de la Chine (Paris: Michallet, 1688); Historia di una gran señora, Christiana de la China, llamada Doña Candida Hiu (Madrid: Antonio Roman, 1691); Historie van eene groote, christene mevrouwe van China met naeme mevrouw Candida Hiu (Antwerpen: Knobbaert, 1694). The Dutch version is the most extensive one.
11 (Prague: Universitatis Carolo-Ferdinandae, Collegio Soc. Jesu ad S. Clementum). Noël and his works have only recently been the object of research. See e.g. Rule, Paul, “François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy,” in The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era (1644–1911), edited by Willy F. Vande Walle & Noël Golvers (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003), 138–65Google Scholar. See also CCT-database for recent articles.
12 Golvers, Noël, “The Earliest Examples of Chinese Characters Printed in the Southern Low Countries (Leuven, 1672; Antwerp, 1683),” De Gulden Passer (Tijdschrift voor boekwetenschap/ Journal for Book History) 94.2 (2016), 319–33Google Scholar.
13 Golvers, Noël, François de Rougemont, S.J., Missionary in Ch'ang-shu (Chiang-nan): A Study of the Account Book (1674–1676) and the Elogium (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1999)Google Scholar.
14 Text, translation, and notes by Noël Golvers, The Astronomia europaea of Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (Dillingen, 1687) (Nettetal: Steyler, 1993).
15 Noël Golvers, Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623–1688) and the Chinese Heaven: The Composition of the Astronomical Corpus, its Diffusion and Reception in the European Republic of Letters (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003).
16 Correspondance de Ferdinand Verbiest de la Compagnie de Jésus (1623–1688), directeur de l'Observatoire de Pékin, ed. Henri Josson & Léopold Willaert (Brussels: Palais des Académies, 1938).
17 Noël Golvers, ed., Letters of a Peking Jesuit: The Correspondence of Ferdinand Verbiest, SJ (1623–1688) (Leuven: F. Verbiest Institute, 2017).
18 The Itinerary of Antoine Thomas S.J. (1644–1709), Scientist and Missionary from Namur in China, edited by Michel Hermans and Isabelle Parmentier (Leuven: F. Verbiest Institute, 2017). Four other articles on Antoine Thomas are also included in The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China.
19 Davor Antonucci, “Antoine Thomas: A Historian of the Qing-Zunghar War,” in The Itinerary of Antoine Thomas S.J., 219–52.
20 Nicolas Standaert, Chinese Voices in the Rites Controversy: Travelling Books, Community Networks, Intercultural Arguments (Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 2011).
21 Eduard J. Baels, De Oostendse Compagnie (Oostende: Erel, 1972). It was dissolved in 1731 under the pressure of the English and Dutch, who saw their interests in these regions harmed by the new Company. For an overview of mid-Qing Chinese objects in Belgian collections, see Benedicte Vaerman, Sara Vantournhout, and Nicolas Standaert, Route chinoise: À la recherche de la Chine en Belgique (Europalia China) (Brussels: Fonds Mercator, 2009).
22 Jo Gerard, “Léopold et Li Hung Tchang,” in La grande aventure chinoise des Belges (Namur: Wesmael-Charlier, 1982), 66–71; Jean-Marie Simonet, “1830–1930: Le siècle des Belges en Chine,” Encres de Chine 5 (987), 13–23; Lin Jinshui 林金水, “Sino-Belgian Relations During the Reign of Leopold II: A Brief Historical Account Based on Chinese Documents,” in The History of the Relations Between the Low Countries and China, 439–459; A Belgian Passage to China (1870–1930), edited by Johan J. Mattelaer and Mathieu Torck ([Gorredijk]: Sterck & De Vreese, 2020).
23 For a general introduction to this institute: The Leuven Collegium Trilingue, 1517–1797: Erasmus, Humanist Educational Practice and the New Language Institute, Latin—Greek—Hebrew, ed. Jan Papy (Leuven: Peeters, 2018).
24 Throughout this article the term “Louvain” will be used for the pre-1968 period. It is the English and French name for what is called Leuven today. In that town a university (Studium Generale Lovaniense; Academia Lovaniensis; Universitas Lovaniensis) was established in 1425 which lasted until 1797, when it was abolished by the French Republic. Under the Dutch Republic, between 1817 and 1835 it was the State University of Louvain. Between 1835–1968 it became the Catholic University of Louvain. When this university split in two, the French speaking section moved to Louvain-la-Neuve (Université Catholique de Louvain) and the Dutch-speaking section remained in Louvain (KU Leuven or Katholieke Universiteit Leuven).
25 Les études orientales à l'Université de Louvain depuis 1834: Hommes et réalisations, edited by Luc Courtois (Brussels: Safran, 2021). For some sources on Oriental Studies at the University of Louvain, see Willy Vande Walle and Paul Servais, eds., Orientalia: Oosterse studies en bibliotheken te Leuven en Louvain-la-Neuve (Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2001).
26 Étienne Lamotte, “Notice sur le chevalier Charles de Harlez de Deulin, Membre de l'académie,” Annuaire de l'académie royale de Belgique 1953 (Brussels: Palais des académies, 1953), vol. 119, 414–40; Étienne Lamotte, “Harlez de Deulin (Charles, chevalier de),” in Biographie nationale (Brussels: Émile Bruyant, 1964), vol. 32, 279–81.
27 Henri Cordier, “Half a Decade of Chinese Studies (1886–1891),” T'oung Pao 3.5 (1892), 555–58.
28 This is a translation of Manjusa-i wecere metere doro-i bithe, i.e. Hesei toktobuha Manjusai wecere metere kooli bithe (Imperially Commissioned Code of Rituals and Sacrifices of the Manchus 欽定滿州祭神祭天典禮) completed in 1747.
29 Le texte originaire du Yih-King, sa nature et son interprétation (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1887) and Le Yih-king: texte primitif rétabli (Brussels: Hayez; 1889).
30 I-Li: Cérémonial de la Chine antique (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1890).
31 Koue-Yü, Discours des royaumes in Journal Asiatique 2 (1893), 373–419 and 3 (1894), 5–91.
32 Mi-tze, le philosophe de l'amour universel (s.l., s.d.).
33 Tchou-tze-tsieh-yao-tchuen: résumé de la philosophie de Tchou-hi (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1887).
34 La Siao Hio ou Morale de la jeunesse, avec le commentaire de Tchen-Siuen (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1889).
35 Kia-li, livre des rites domestiques chinois de Tchou-hi (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1889).
36 L’école philosophique moderne de la Chine ou système de la nature (Sing-li) (Brussels: Société belge de librairie., 1890). See a short discussion of these texts in Wing-tsit Chan, “The Study of Chu Hsi in the West,” The Journal of Asian Studies 35.4 (1976), 557–61.
37 For a table of contents, see Arnold van Lantschoot, ed, Le Muséon: Tables des années 1882 à 1931 (Louvain: Muséon, 1932). In 1900 it became a series.
38 Étienne Lamotte, “Louis de La Vallée Poussin (1869–1938),” Bulletin de l’École française d'Extrême-Orient 38.2 (1938), 479–83; Marcelle Lalou and Jean Preyluski, “Louis de La Vallée Poussin,” Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 6 (1939), 151–263; Étienne Lamotte, “Notice sur Louis de La Vallée Poussin, Membre de l'académie,” Annuaire pour 1965, Académie royale de Belgique (Brussels: Palais des académies, 1965), vol. 232, 145–68; Christophe Vielle, “de La Vallée Poussin, Louis,” Nouvelle biographie nationale de Belgique 10 (2010), 122–24. Bart Dessein, “La Vallée Poussin, Louis de (1869–1938),” UGentMemorie, Universiteit Gent, www.ugentmemorie.be/personen/la-vallee-poussin-louis-de-1869-1938. These articles include references to several other commemorative biographies.
39 For a list see Marcelle Lalou, “Rétrospective: l’œuvre de Louis de La Vallée Poussin,” Bibliographie Bouddhique. Fascicule annexe, XXIII bis (Paris: Librairie d'Amerique et d'Orient, 1955), 1–37.
40 Hubert Durt, “Étienne Lamotte (1903–1983),” Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 74 (1985), 6–28; Jacques Scheuer, “Lamotte (Étienne),” Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 2008), vol. 30, 163–65.
41 For a bibliography, see Daniel Donnet, “L'oeuvre de Mgr Etienne Lamotte,” in Indianisme et bouddhisme: mélanges offerts à Mgr Etienne Lamotte (Louvain-la-Neuve: UCL Institut orientaliste, 1980), vii–xvi; for 1981–84, see Durt, “Étienne Lamotte,” 27.
42 Edited and translated Tibetan version (Louvain: Bureau du Recueil, 1935).
43 Edition of the Tibetan version, photographic reproduction of the Chinese translation by Xuanzang, and annotated French translation, Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 4 (1936), 151–263.
44 Tibetan and Chinese version and French translation, 2 vols. (Louvain: Muséon; 1938–39).
45 (Louvain: Bureaux du Muséon, 1944–76).
46 François Lachaud, “In Memoriam Hubert Durt,” École Française d'Extrême-Orient, www.efeo.fr/base.php?code=954. See also “Hubert Durt kyōju ryaku nenpu chosaku mokuroku” 教授 略年譜・著作目録, Kokusai Bukkyōgaku daigakuin daigaku kenkyū kiyō 国際仏教学大学院大学研究紀要, Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies 15 (2011), 26 pp.
47 Chambre des représentants: Annales parlementaires (Brussels: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique, 1877), 196–197 (Belgian Chamber of Representatives: Session of December 21, 1877).
48 Annales parlementaires (1890), 689 (Session February 24, 1890).
49 Annales parlementaires (1890), 690.
50 Annales parlementaires (1890), 692.
51 KU Leuven Universiteitsarchief (archief van rector Abbeloos): “Brief van koning Leopold II aan rector Abbeloos, 9 februari 1898.”
52 Frédéric Wolters, “Jean-Baptiste Steenackers (1898),” in Liber memorialis: Université de Gand: notices biographiques: Tome II: Faculté des sciences et Ecoles spéciales du génie civil et des arts et manufactures—Faculté de médecine (Gand: Vanderpoorten, 1913), 542–44.
53 Mélanges de philologie orientale, publiés à l'occasion du Xe anniversaire de la création de l'Institut Supérieur d'Histoire et de Littératures Orientales de l'Université de Liège (Liège/ Louvain: Institut Supérieur d'Histoire et de Littératures Orientales de l'Université/ Imprimerie Orientaliste, 1932), viii; Hsieh Hon Chun, “Les Belges et leurs relations culturelles avec la Chine, 1900–1949” (Ph.D. diss., Université d’État de Gand, 1963), 45.
54 Annales parlementaires (1903), 842–43 (Session of March 13, 1903).
55 These and the following figures are adopted from Claude Soetens, “Les étudiants chinois en Belgique de 1900 à 1940,” in The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China, 487–508. On the Chinese students in Belgium, see also Yuan Tung-li 袁同禮, A Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Continental Europe 1907–1962 (Washington, DC, 1964), 57–59; Stephan Grauwels, “Chinese studenten in België, 1902–1939” (MA thesis, Ghent University, 1985), and especially Wang Qingyu 王慶餘, Liu Bi xuesheng shi 留比學生史 (History of Chinese students in Belgium (1892–1950)) (Taipei: Guangqi wenhua shiye, 2011).
56 Dominique Lambert, “Mgr Georges Lemaître et Dom Théodore Nève: une histoire chinoise,” MS (shared by the author).
57 Archives Georges Lemaître de l'Université catholique de Louvain: BE A4006 FG LEM-1142-1448.
58 For a history of this congregation, see Daniel Verhelst and Hyacint Daniels, Scheut vroeger en nu 1862–1987: Geschiedenis van de Congregatie van het Onbevlekt Hart van Maria C.I.C.M. (Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven, 1991).
59 For a map of these mission areas, see Françoise Aubin, “La vision catholique de la religiosité chinoise et mongole: L'expérience des missionnaires de Scheut en Mongolie chinoise (XIXe–XXe siècles),” Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Italie et Méditerranée, 101.2 (1989), 1035.
60 For detailed studies of their presence in China, see the publications of the F. Verbiest Institute: www.kuleuven.be/verbiest. Biographic data on the Scheut fathers mentioned in this article are based on the biographical files from the CICM archives preserved in KADOC (KU Leuven).
61 Hsieh Hon Chun, “Les Belges et leurs relations culturelles avec la Chine, 1900–1949,” 46–47.
62 Joseph L. van Hecken, “MULLIE, Jozef Lodewijk Maria, missionaris, filoloog en sinoloog,” in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 8 (Brussels: Koninklijke Academie van België, 1979), 518–35. Recent Chinese studies on Mullie include Zheng Yongjun 鄭永君, “Min Xuanhua yi Shengmu shengxin hui de Hanyu jiaoxue” 閔宣化與聖母聖心會的漢語教學 (P. Jozef Mullie and his contribution to the Chinese language education in CICM), Aomen ligong xuebao 澳門理工學報 2021.4, 103–11; Zheng Yongjun 鄭永君, “Lai Hua Shengmu shengxin hui ji qi heyu Hanxuejia Min Xuanhua (1886–1976) yanjiu” 来华圣母圣心会及其荷语汉学家闵宣化(1886–1976)研究 (A study on C.I.C.M. in China and its Flemish Sinologist Fr. Jozef Mullie (1886–1976)) (Ph.D. diss., Fudan University: Wenshi yanjiu yuan, 2021).
63 3 vols. (Beijing: Pei-T'ang: Lazarists, 1930–1933). English transl.: A. Omer Versichel: The Structural Principles of the Chinese Language: An Introduction to the Spoken Language (Northern Pekingese Dialect), 3 vols. (Beijing: Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1932–37).
64 Rint Sybesma, “A History of Chinese Linguistics in the Netherlands,” in Chinese Studies in the Netherlands: Past, Present and Future, edited by Wilt L. Idema (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 127–57; section on Mullie, 147.
65 “Les anciennes villes de l'empire des grands Leao 大遼 au royaume mongol de Bārin,” T'oung-Pao 21 (1922), 105–231 (only slightly edited by Pelliot); “Les sépultures de K'ing des Leao 遼慶陵,” T'oung-Pao 30 (1933), 1–25 (this article was already submitted in 1924 but Pelliot had lost part of it).
66 (Leuven: Dewallens, c. 1947–50).
67 T'oung Pao 36 (1940), 181–400, and monograph (Leiden: Brill, 1942).
68 Van Hecken, “MULLIE, Jozef Lodewijk Maria,” 528.
69 The camp population amounted to 2,200 persons, including a large contingent of Catholic missionaries and sisters. On this camp, see the article in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weixian_Internment_Camp.
70 W. South Coblin, “Paul L-M. Serruys, C.I.C.M. (1912–1999),” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999), 505–14 (with list of publications after 1977); [Anon.] “A List of Publications of Paul L-M. Serruys up to 1977,” Monumenta Serica 33 (1977–78), ii–v.
71 T'oung Pao 60 (1974), 12–120.
72 South Coblin, “Paul L-M. Serruys,” 512.
73 Willy F. Vande Walle, “Willem A. Grootaers, Linguist and Ethnographer,” in History of the Catholic Church in China: From its Beginning to the Scheut Fathers and 20th Century, edited by Ferdinand Verbiest Institute (Leuven: F. Verbiest Institute, 2015), 549–93 (with extensive list of his bibliography).
74 Françoise Aubin, “In Memoriam: Le R. P. Henry Serruys (Ssu Lü-Ssu 司律思), CICM (10 Juillet 1911–16 août 1983): Érudit Sino-Mongolisant,” Monumenta Serica 36 (1984–85), 555–624; [Anon.] “A List of Publications of Henry Serruys up to 1977,” Monumenta Serica 32 (1976), i–v.
75 Joseph L. van Hecken, “MOSTAERT, Antoon Jules Edmond Maria Jozef, missionaris en Mongolisant,” in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 7 (Brussels: Koninklijke Academie van België, 1977), 622–34. Joseph L. van Hecken, “Antoine Mostaert C.I.C.M. (1881–1971: Apôtre des Mongols et Doyen des Études mongoles),” Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft 28 (1972), 30–43, 81–94, 185–99.
77 Le mariage chez les T'ou-Jen du Kan-Sou (Chine), Variétés sinologiques 58 (Chang-hai: Impr. de la Mission catholique, 1932); Chinese translation: Gansu Turen de hunyin 甘肃土人的婚姻 (Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe, 1998).
78 “The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 44.1 (1954), 1–138; “Part II. Their Religious Life,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 47.1 (1957), 1–164; “Part III. Records of the Monguor Clans. History of the Monguors in Huangchung and the Chronicles of the Lu Family,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 51.3 (1961), 1–117.
80 On its history, see Jean-Marie Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises: Ses origines et son histoire,” in Liber memorialis 1835–1985, edited by Herman De Meulenaere and Jean-Charles Balty (Brussels: Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis/Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1985), 211–15; Hubert Durt, “Les soixante-quinze ans de l'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” in Institut belge des hautes études chinoises—Belgisch instituut voor hogere Chinese studiën. 1929–2004, edited by Catherine Joos, Claire Kirschen, and Jean-Marie Simonet (Brussels: IBHEC/BIHCS, 2004), 11–14; on its archives see Geert Leloup, “Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” in Archives institutionnelles des Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire et archives des ASBL hébergées par l'institution, edited by Geert Leloup and Valérie Montens (Brussels: Archives générales du royaume; 2008), 131–41.
81 See “Statuts,” in Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises (IBHEC), No.1, 6.
82 Wang Qingyu, Liu Bi xuesheng shi, 413, no. 275.
83 Ge Fuping and Pierre-Etienne Will, “Pelliot et l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises (1919–1945),” in Paul Pelliot: de l'histoire à la légende, ed. Jean-Pierre Drège and Michel Zink (Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2013), 273–74.
84 E.g. “La República Xina-Hain You Kia,” El Poble Català, 10, no. 2.951 (11 April 1913) (Biblioteca de Catalunya) (Archivo China España, 1800–1950, consulta 15 de septiembre de 2021, http://ace.uoc.edu/items/show/102).
85 Ge and Will, “Pelliot et l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises (1919–1945),” 274.
86 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 211.
87 中華民國官職資料庫 (nccu.edu.tw).
88 On this history and Han's role, see Ge and Will, “Pelliot et l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises (1919–1945),” 271–95.
89 On Vandervelde's policy towards China, see Jens Vermeersch, “Emile Vandervelde en China,” Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis/ Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine 23.1–2 (1992), 91–130.
90 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 211.
91 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 213–14.
92 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 212.
93 Most of his works were published in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but they were severely evaluated by scholars such as Angus C. Graham (1919–1991), A. F. P. Hulsewé (1910–1993) and D. R. Jonker (1925–1973), because of his insufficient knowledge of Chinese.
94 IBHEC, no.1, 3.
95 “Louis Van Hee,” Archivum Provinciae Belgicae Septentrionalis, nr. 6517; Catalogus sociorum et officiorum Provinciae Franciae Societatis Jesu, 1893–1914, www.sjweb.info/arsi/Catalog-1892.cfm.
96 Gezhi yiwen huibao 格致益聞匯報 (I-wen-lou et Revue scientifique) between 1898 and 1899; and Huibao 匯報 (Revue pour tous) from 1899 to 1911.
97 Joachim Kurtz, “The Works of Li Wenyu (1840–1911): Bibliography of a Chinese-Jesuit Publicist,” Wakumon 或問 11 (2006), 149–58. Joachim Kurtz, “Messenger of the Sacred Heart: Li Wenyu (1840–1911), and the Jesuit Periodical Press in Late Qing Shanghai,” in From Woodblocks to the Internet: Chinese Publishing and Print Culture in Transition, circa 1800 to 2008, ed. Cynthia Brokaw and Christopher A. Reed (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 81–109, here 104.
98 For an overview of the periodicals in which Van Hée's articles were published, see Yang Huiyu 杨惠玉, “Lun He Shishen, Pei Chuzi, Ge Shi dui Zhongguo gudai shuxue de renshi” 论赫师慎、佩初兹、葛式对中国古代数学的认识 (On Studies by Van Hée, Petrucci, and Gauchet on Ancient Chinese Mathematics), Shanghai jiaotong daxue xuebao 上海交通大学学报, 2010.5, 55.
99 Under the Chinese name He Erzhan 赫爾瞻; 2 ce (Shanghai: T'ou-sé-wéi [Tushanwan 土山灣], 1903).
100 Paul Pelliot, “Necrologie: Henri Bosmans S.J.,” T'oung Pao 26 (1929), 190–199, here 191.
101 Louis Van Hée, Ferdinand Verbiest, écrivain chinois (Brugge: Louis De Plancke, 1913); summarized by Henri Bosmans, “Les écrits chinois de Verbiest,” Revue des questions scientifiques 74.1 (July 1913), 272–98; they also collaborated on the preparation of an edition of Verbiest's correspondence.
102 His role is recognized both on the title page and in the introduction of Alfons Väth, Johann Adam Schall von Bell S.J., Missionar in China, kaiserlicher Astronom und Ratgeber am Hofe von Peking 1592–1666: Ein Lebens- und Zeitbild (Cologne: Bachem, 1933).
103 La pratique des exercices de Saint-Ignace dans l'ancienne mission de Chine (Enghien: Bibliothèque des exercice, 1920).
104 For a list, search in the electronic index of T'oung Pao under “Vanhée” (later he more commonly used Van Hée): https://brill.com/view/journals/tpao/tpao-overview.xml?language=en. See also “Le Hai-tao souan-king de Lieou,” T'oung pao 20 (1921), 51–70 on the Haidao suanjing 海島算經 (a mathematical work providing practical solutions of surveying from a distance using geometry) by Liu Hui 劉徽 (fl. 3rd century). See also Yang Huiyu, “Lun He Shishen,” 55–56; Yang Huiyu 杨惠玉, “Lun xifang hanxue zazhi Tongbao ji qi dui Zhongguo keji de guanzhu” 论西方汉学杂志《通报》及其对中国科技的关注 (On the Western Sinology Journal T'oung Pao and Its Study on Chinese Science and Technology), Fudan xuebao 复旦学报, 2007.4, 77; Yang Huiyu 杨惠玉, “He Shishen guanyu Zhongguo buding fenxi yanjou de tanxi” 赫师慎关于中国不定分析研究之探析 (On L. van Hée's Study of Chinese Indeterminate Analysis), Shanghai jiaotong daxue xuebao 上海交通大学学报, 2006.5, 43–47.
105 Les figurines de la céramique funéraire: matériaux pour l’étude des croyances et du folklore de la Chine ancienne (Hellerau bei Dresden: Avalun, 1927); Chinese Tomb Figures: A Study in the Beliefs and Folklore of Ancient China (London: Goldston, 1928).
106 Manfred Porkert, “Carl Hentze (1883–1975),” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 128 (1978), 5–11 (with a bibliography of his publications); Liber Memorialis (1960) of Ghent University: www.ugentmemorialis.be/catalog/000000698; Greta Beckmann, Carl Philipp Hentze (1883–1975): Sinologe und Künstler—eine Wiederbesinnung (Gossenberg: Ostasian, 2012): chapters “Aus dem Leben Carl HENTZEs,” 1–11; “Schriften von Carl HENTZE,” 123–64.
107 The following information is based on the six reports that were published before World War II: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises (IBHEC) No.1: Rapports (1929 à 1931) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1931); No.2: Rapports (1932 à 1933) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1933); No.3: Rapports (1933 à 1935) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1935); No.4: Rapports (1935 à 1936) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1937); No.5: Rapports (1936 à 1937) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1938); No.6: Rapports (1937 à 1938) (Brussels: Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1939).
108 An exception is the reference to the course of first year Chinese that was attended by around ten students (une dizaine d’élèves) in the report of November 29, 1933; see IBHEC, No.2, 14.
109 For a table of contents of all the issues: https://chinese-institute.be/publications-2/.
110 René Grousset and Jeannine Auboyer, “Gisbert Combaz,” Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 7 (1945), i–ix; Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Etudes Chinoises,” 214.
111 Charles Lagrange, “The Beijing–Hankou Railway Project and the Belgian Doctors Philippe and Adolphe Spruyt,” in A Belgian Passage to China (1870–1930), 100–143.
112 “Souvenirs d'un Voyage à la Montagne Sacrée de Long-Men,” Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 1 (1932), 242–62.
113 See overview IBHEC, No.4, 23ff.
114 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 214; IBHEC, No.4, 19.
115 Simonet, “L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 214; this is most probably the copy mentioned in IBHEC, No.1, 16
116 Lu Zhengxiang is first mentioned in the committee of patronage in 1933 (IBHEC, No.3, 5). His archives with an extensive collection of letters are now located in the KADOC (KU Leuven): https://kadoc.kuleuven.be/.
117 Durt, “Les soixante-quinze ans de l'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises,” 12–13.
118 Mélanges de philologie orientale, v–xvi.
119 Shih Jai-Yuin, “Le problème de la nature humaine et la morale dans le confucianisme” (Ph.D. diss., Louvain, 1955); Robert Shih, Biographies des moines éminents (Kao seng tchouan) de Houei-kiao: Première partie: Biographies des premiers traducteurs (Bibliothèque du Muséon, 54) (Louvain: Institut orientaliste, 1968); Philippe Paquet, Simon Leys: Navigateur entre les mondes (Paris: Gallimard, 2016), 116–18. Russell Webb, “Robert Shih (1927–5.5.1983),” Buddhist Studies Review 1.1 (1983–84), 50.
120 “‘La Suite au Traité de calligraphie’ de Jiang Kui: Traduction et commentaires pour servir à l’étude de la terminologie et de l'esthétique de la théorie calligraphique chinoise” (Thèse: Doctorat 3ème cycle, Paris, 1969). Paquet, Simon Leys, 79–80.
121 On the history of Oriental studies in Leuven, see Les études orientales à l'Université de Louvain depuis 1834. For a short article on the Oriental Institute, see Hubert Durt and Paul Servais, “Het Instituut voor Oriëntalistiek (1936–1968),” in Orientalia: Oosterse studies en bibliotheken, 173–75.
122 Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century: The Shu-shu chiu-chang of Ch'in Chiu-shao (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973).
123 “‘Methode van rein gedrag voor de volgeling van het reine vertoeven’ (Ching-chu-tzu-ching-hsing fa-men): een boeddhistisch compendium over de penitentie door Hsiao Tzu-liang (460–494)” (Ph.D. diss, Ghent University, 1976).
124 “Plechtige opening van het Hoger Instituut voor Oosterse, Oosteuropese en Afrikaanse Taalkunde en Geschiedenis (30 mei 1958),” Tijdschift van de Rijksuniversiteit te Gent: Extra-nummer van De Brug (July 1958); Ann Heirman 安海漫, “Gente daxue de Zhongguoxue yanjiu” 根特大学的中国学研究, trans. Sun Jian 孙健, Guoji Hanxue 国际汉学 25 (2014), 394–400; Mieke Matthyssen and Bart Dessein, “China in Belgium: From a Religious, Economic and Political Interest, to the Development of an Academic Discipline,” in From Sinology to Post-Chineseness: Intellectual Histories of China, Chinese People, and Chinese Civilization, edited by Shih Chih-yu, He Peizhong, and Tang Lei (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2017), 41–53.
125 De stichtingsgeschiedenis van kreits Tsj'eng-tee (Jehol) (Ghent: Vanmelle, 1957). For a critical review of this dissertation by the Dutch Sinologist A.F.P. Hulsewé, see Museum (Leiden) LXIII.1 (1958), 65–69.
127 https://profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/4/1/99/0recht. His publications include T'ao the Hermit: Sixty Poems by T'ao Ch'ien (365–427) (London: Thames and Hudson, 1952).
129 On the more recent developments, see Heirman, “Gente daxue de Zhongguoxue yanjiu,” 397–400.
130 For an extensive biography see Paquet, Philippe, Simon Leys: Navigateur entre les mondes (Paris: Gallimard, 2016)Google Scholar, translated into English as Simon Leys: Navigator Between Worlds, trans. Julie Rose (Carlton: La Trobe University Press/Black Inc., 2017). Review by Carine Defoort in History of Humanities (Spring 2019), 207–9. See also Pierre Boncelle, Le parapluie de Simon Leys (Paris: Philippe Rey, 2015).
131 Fu, Shen, Six récits au fil inconstant des jours (Brussels: F. Larcier, 1966; Paris: Lattès, 2009)Google Scholar.
132 Ryckmans, Pierre, Les «Propos sur la peinture» de Shitao, Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 15 (Brussels: Institut belge des hautes études chinoises, 1970)Google Scholar; republished as Les propos sur la peinture du moine Citrouille-amère (Paris: Hermann, 1984; reprint: Paris: Plon, 2007).
133 La vie et l’œuvre de Su Renshan, rebelle, peintre et fou, 1814–1849?, 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Centre de publication de l'U.E.R. Extrême-Orient de l'Université de Paris, 1970).
134 Ryckmans, Pierre, Entretiens de Confucius (Paris: Seuil, 1987, 1989, 2004, 2009)Google Scholar; Leys, Simon, The Analects of Confucius (New York: Norton, 1997)Google Scholar.
135 Les habits neufs du président Mao: Chronique de la Révolution culturelle (Paris: Camp libre, 1971); Ombres chinoises (Paris: UGE, 1974). In English, his best-known books are probably The Chairman's New Clothes and Chinese Shadows.
136 E.g. La Mort the Napoléon (Paris: Hermann, 1986); translated into English as The Death of Napoleon (London: Quartet Books, 1991); La Mer dans la littérature française, 2 vols. (Paris: Plon, 2003).
137 (Collingwood, Vic.: Black Inc., 2011); (New York: New York Review of Books, 2013).
138 Interview with Boncenne, Pierre, “Simon Leys: ‘La Chine pour moi n'est pas une profession, mais un choix de vie,’” Lire (Le magazine des livres) 98 (1983), 27–28Google Scholar.