Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-21T12:56:34.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Local Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution: Nanjing Under Military Control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2011

Dong Guoqiang  and
Andrew G. Walder
Get access

Abstract

China's protracted regional conflicts of 1967 and 1968 have long been understood as struggles between conservative and radical forces whose opposed interests were so deeply rooted in existing patterns of power and privilege that they defied the imposition of military control. This study of Nanjing, a key provincial capital that experienced prolonged factional conflict, yields a new explanation: the conflicts were prolonged precisely because they could not be characterized as pitting “conservatives” against “radicals”, making it difficult for central officials, local military forces, or Mao Zedong to decide how to resolve them. Furthermore, Beijing officials, regional military forces, and local civilian cadres were themselves divided against one another, exacerbating and prolonging local conflicts. In competing for approval from central authorities, local factions adopted opportunistic and rapidly shifting political stances designed to portray their opponents as reactionary conservatives—charges that had no basis in fact.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , May 2011 , pp. 425 - 447
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ge Zhonglong 葛忠龙. Fifth-year student at Nanjing University in 1966; founding member of the Nanjing University Red Rebel Brigade and its offshoot Nanjing University August 27, which later organized a large citywide rebel alliance, Nanjing August 27. Split with this rebel group and joined the “Pro” faction in support of the January power seizure. Interviewed in April and July 2007.Google Scholar
Geng Changxian 耿昌贤. Second-year student at Nanjing University in 1966; a founder of the rebel group Nanjing University Red Rebel Brigade and an organizer and leader of the Jiangsu Province Workers' General Headquarters, devoted to the overthrow of the Nanjing authorities. Supported the January power seizure and became a leader in the “Pro” faction. Interviewed in February 2007.Google Scholar
Xing Wenju 邢文举. Liberation Army Daily correspondent who was the CCRG's representative in Nanjing. He played a major role in organizing the January 1967 power seizure. He objected to the exclusion of important rebel leaders after negotiations broke down and became an active proponent of the Anti faction's cause. Interviewed in September 2009.Google Scholar
Zeng Bangyuan 曾邦元. A 1964 graduate of Nanjing University who stayed on the campus as a political instructor and Youth League general branch secretary. Leader of the rebel group August 27, and later of the citywide rebel alliance, Nanjing August 27. Opposed the January power seizure and helped lead the “Anti” faction. Interviewed in November and December 2007.Google Scholar
Ba erqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Nanda ba erqi geming chuanlianhui guanyu ganbu wenti de shengming” (Declaration of Nanjing University August 27 Association on the Cadre Question), 6 March, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Guanyu Li Shiying beibu panbian wenti diaocha baogao (di yi hao)” (Investigation Report on the Question of Li Shiying's Betrayal While Under Arrest [no. 1]), 9 June, 3.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Jianjue zhenya fangeming—qudi fangeming zuzhi xiao tongji” (Resolutely Suppress Counterrevolution—Partial Statistics on the Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries), 25 March, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Jianjue zhenya fangeming” (Resolutely Suppress Counterrevolution), 16 March, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967e. “Qingkuang tongbao” (Situation Report), 26 June, 5–8.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967f. “Xiang Cai Yinghou lieshi xuexi” (Emulate Martyr Cai Yinghou), 9 June, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967g. “Jinjin zhangwo douzheng da fangxiang, henhen shazhu wudoufeng” (Firmly Grasp the Main Direction of the Struggle, Ruthlessly Suppress the Upsurge of Armed Conflict), 8 July, 1.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967h. “Yanzheng shengming” (Solemn Declaration), 15 June, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967i. “Teji xiaoxi” (Urgent News), 15 August, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968. “Jiang, Chen, Li, Bao fangeming fubi huodong dashiji” (Chronology of the Restorationist Activities of Jiang, Chen, Li, and Bao), 9 February, 2.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Jianjue zhixing Mao Zhuxi de ganbu zhengce” (Resolutely Implement Chairman Mao's Cadre Policy), 3 March, 4.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Fan Liang Du Wu de ren, jue meiyou hao xiachang” (Those Who Oppose Liang, Du, and Wu Will Surely Come to no Good End), 20 June, 1.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Jianxun” (Brief Bulletin), 17 August, 3.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Ping suowei ‘Zhongguo renmin jiefang jun Nanjing budui pingfan gonggao’.” (Assessing the So-called “Rehabilitation Announcement of the Nanjing Division of the Chinese People's Liberation Army”), 9 August, 2.Google Scholar
Dadao Jiang Weiqing (Overthrow Jiang Weiqing [Nanjing]). 1968. “Xu Shiyou yu Zeng Bangyuan deng de jianghua” (Xu Shiyou's Talk with Zeng Bangyuan and Others), 15 August, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong kuaibao (East is Red Bulletin [Nanjing]). 1967. “Huanying yiqie yuanyi geming de lingdao ganbu zhanchulai” (Welcome All Leading Cadres who Want Revolution to Step Forward), 4 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. Chen Qifen, “Guanyu ‘Zhongyang teji dianbao’ de qingkuang” (On the Circumstances Surrounding the “Urgent Central Telegram”), 4 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Chen Qifen yanzheng shengming” (Solemn Declaration of Chen Qifen), 30 April, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Gei Zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu de yifeng xin—Jiangsu geming zaofan pai fu jing konggao tuan konggao Tan Zhenlin” (Letter to the Central Cultural Revolution Group—Jiangsu Revolutionary Rebel Beijing Petition Delegation's Accusations Against Tan Zhenlin), 21 June, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Chumu jingxin de ziben zhuyi fubi yinmou—gongbu 5.27 geming xingdong de di yi pi zhanlipin” (Shocking Conspiracy to Restore Capitalism—Announcing the First Battle Trophy from the May 27 Revolutionary Action), 9 June, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967e. “Jianjue shuli Zhongguo renmin jiefang jun juedui quanwei” (Resolutely Establish the Absolute Authority of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), 19 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967f. “Du Fangping de jiancha” (Du Fangping's Confession), 4 December, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967g. “Bokai Nanda hongse zaofan dui ‘xinzhong xiangnian Mao Zhuxi’ zhandou dui de huapi” (Strip Off the Disguise of the “Longing for Chairman Mao” Fighting Group of Nanjing University Rebel Rebel Brigade), 17 May, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967h. “Nanjing ji xiao 6.27 zonghuo shijian diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on the Nanjing Machinery Institute Arson Case of June 27), 8 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967i. “Zhongyang wen'ge lai dian” (Telegram from the CCRG), 8 July, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967j. “Yiqi yanzhong de zhengzhi shijian—Liu.shiqi wawa qiao jianyu shijian zhenxiang” (A Serious Political Incident—The True Story of the June 17 Wawa Bridge Jail Incident), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967k. “Zhou zongli jinji zhishi” (Premier Zhou's Urgent Instructions), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967l. “Zui qianglie kangyi huagong gezao deng yi xiaocuo baotu qiangzou zhengfa jiguan dapi jimi cailiao de baoxing” (Strongly Oppose the Outrage of a Small Handful of Thugs like the Revolutionary Rebel Brigade of the East China Engineering Institute in Seizing a Large Cache of Classified Materials from the Prosecutor's Office), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967m. “Jinji huyu—Huagong gezao deng yi xiaocuo baotu you yici chongza junguan xia de wuchan jieji zhuanzheng jiguan, dashang junguanzu zuzhang de yanzhong zhengzhi shijian” (Urgent Appeal—Another Serious Political Incident Committed by a Small Handful of Thugs from the Revolutionary Rebel Brigade of the East China Engineering Institute, Invading Organs of Proletarian Dictatorship under Military Control, Wounding the Head of the Military Control Group), 6 July, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968a. “Du Fangping yu Lin Jie de hei guanxi” (The Black Ties between Du Fangping and Lin Jie), 19 February, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968b. “Du Fangping zai He Pu shijian zhong banyanle shenme juese? (What Role did Du Fangping Play in the He Pu Affair?), 19 February, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968c. “Fangeming fenzi Du Fangping de hei guanxi” (The Black Connections of Counterrevolutionary Element Du Fangping), 14 April, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968d. “Jingxin dongpo de cuandang, cuanzheng, cuanjun fangeming fubi tujie” (Diagram of the Shocking Usurpation of the Party, Government and Army for a Counterrevolutionary Restoration), 8 May, 4.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968e. “Dadao Guomindang shi dixia hei zuzhi lianzhi canmoutuan” (Overthrow the Guomingdang-style Black Underground Organization United Headquarters Staff Office), 23 March, 4.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Yangzhou]). 1967. “Du Fangping tongzhi zai Jiangsu hong zong zhengzhi gongzuo huiyi shang de jianghua (zhaiyao)” (Comrade Du Fangping's Speech at Red General Headquarters Political Work Conference [Summary]), 14 June, 3–4.Google Scholar
Geming gongren bao (Revolutionary Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Zalan fangeming heishou jituan ‘laoren chuanlianhui’” (Smash the Counterrevolutionary Black Hand Clique “Old Timer's Association”), 16 August, 4.Google Scholar
Gongren zaofan bao (Worker Rebel News [Nanjing]). 1968. “‘Dixia shengwei’ fubi ji” (Account of the Restoration of the “Underground Party Committee”), 21 January, 2–4.Google Scholar
Hongse gongren (Red Worker [Nanjing]). 1967. “Chedi fensui yuan gongzong zhixing de fangeming jingji zhuyi” (Thoroughly Smash the Counter-revolutionary Economism Carried out by the Former Workers' Headquarters), 1 March, 2–3.Google Scholar
Jiangsu gongren (Jiangsu Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Du Fangping zai jing xuexihui shang jiantao zhailu” (Excerpts from Du Fangping's Confession at the Capital Study Class), 15 March, 1–4.Google Scholar
Jinggangshan (Jinggang Mountains [Nanjing]). 1967. “Du Fangping tongzhi jiu shi jianding de geming zuopai” (Comrade Du Fangping is in Fact a Resolute Revolutionary Leftist), 15 November, 2.Google Scholar
Liu yisan zhanbao (June 13 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967. “Paibao houtai Du Fangping, jiu shi yinggai pipan” (Du Fangping, Factional Paper's Backstage Boss, Should Indeed be Repudiated), 16 November, 2–3.Google Scholar
Nanjing ba erqi (Nanjing August 27 [Nanjing]). 1967. “Jiangsu shengji jiguan geming zaofan xin zongbu zai douzheng zhong dansheng” (The Birth of the New Headquarters of the Jiangsu Provincial Administration Revolutionary Rebels in the Midst of Struggle), 4 May, 3.Google Scholar
Nanjing ba erqi (Nanjing August 27 [Nanjing]). 1968. “Jie ‘lianzhi guwenzu’ heimu” (Expose the Black Episode of the “United Headquarters Advisory Group”), 2 August, 1.Google Scholar
Nanjing gongren (Nanjing Worker [Nanjing]). 1967. “Guanyu Li Shiying panbian zishou zuixing de diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on Li Shiying's Traitorous Confession), 24 June, 2.Google Scholar
Nanjing gongren (Nanjing Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Du Fangping, ni he Lin Jie you shenme guanxi?” (Du Fangping, What is your Connection with Lin Jie?), 14 February, 4.Google Scholar
Nanjing hongweibing (Nanjing Red Guard [Nanjing]). 1967. “‘Cai Yinghou shijian’ diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on the ‘Cai Yinghou Incident’), 25 June, 3.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Women wei shenme yao chedi gaizu ‘Jiangsu sheng gongren hongse zaofan zong silingbu’—geming zaofan pai gongren da qunzhong wen” (Why we Must Thoroughly Reorganize the ‘Jiangsu Province Workers Red Rebel General Headquarters’—Revolutionary Rebel Workers Answer the Masses' Questions), 8 February, 3.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Geming de lingdao ganbu gankuai liangxiang” (Revolutionary Leading Cadres Hasten to Declare their Stand), 8 March, 2.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Xiang Liang, Du, Wu xuexi, yongdang geming zaofan pai” (Emulate Liang, Du, and Wu, Forever be a Revolutionary Rebel), 15 April, 1.Google Scholar
Xinghuo liaoyuan (A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire [Nanjing]). 1967. “Dixia hei shujichu zai xingdong zhong” (Black Underground Secretariat in Action), 7 December, 2-3.Google Scholar
Xinghuo liaoyuan (A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire [Nanjing]). 1968. “He Pu yu Du Fangping” (He Pu and Du Fangping), 28 February, 4.Google Scholar
Weihua, Bu. 2008. Zalan jiu shijie: Wenhua da geming de dongluan yu haojie (Smashing the Old World: The Catastrophic Turmoil of the Cultural Revolution). Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1967a. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu guanyu paiqian diaocha zu fu Jiangsu tongzhi” (CCP Central Committee, State Council, and Central Cultural Revolution Group Notice on the Dispatch of an Investigation Group to Jiangsu Province), 15 August.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1967b. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang junwei, zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu guanyu zhankai yongjun aimin yundong de haozhao” (Proclamation of the CCP Central Committee, State Council, Central Military Commission, and Central Cultural Revolution Group on the Unfolding of the Movement to Support the Army and Cherish the People), 25 August.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1968. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang junwei, zhongyang wen'ge guanyu chengli Jiangsu sheng geming weiyuanhui qingshi de zhishi” (Directive of the CCP Central Committee, State Council, Central Military Commission, and Central Cultural Revolution Group on the Request for Instructions on the Establishment of the Jiangsu Province Revolutionary Committee), 20 March.Google Scholar
Central Documents Research Office. 1997. Zhou Enlai nianpu, xia juan (Zhou Enlai Chronology, Vol. 3). Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lifeng, Deng. 2001. “‘Sanzhi liangjun’ shulun” (An Account of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’), Dangdai Zhongguo shi yanjiu 6: 39–52.Google Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong. 2009. Qinli ‘wen'ge’: 14 wei Nanjing daxue shisheng koushu lishi (Personal Accounts of the ‘Cultural Revolution’: Oral Histories of Fourteen Nanjing University Faculty and Students). New York: Cozy House.Google Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong. 2010. “The First Uprising of the Cultural Revolution at Nanjing University: Dynamics, Nature, and Interpretation.” Journal of Cold War Studies 12:3, 30–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong and Walder, Andrew G.. 2010. “Nanjing's Failed ‘January Revolution’ of 1967: The Inner Politics of a Provincial Power Seizure.” China Quarterly 203, 675–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Hong Yung. 1978. The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ke, Li and Shengzhang, Hao. 1989. ‘Wenhua da geming’ zhong de renmin jiefang jun (The People's Liberation Army during the ‘Great Cultural Revolution’). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi ziliao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wenqing, Li. 2002a. Jin kan Xu Shiyou, 1967–1985 (Xu Shiyou Up Close, 1967–1985). Beijing: Jiefang jun wenyi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wenqing, Li. 2002b. “‘Wenhua da geming’ zhong de Xu Shiyou jiangjun (er)” (General Xu Shiyou in the “Great Cultural Revolution” [part 2]), Dangshi zongheng 12, 19–22.Google Scholar
Jiqing, Liang, Fangping, Du, and Dasheng, Wu. 1967a. “Women shi zenyang zhichi wuchan jieji geming pai de” (How We Supported the Proletariant Revolutionary Left), Hongqi 5, 39–43.Google Scholar
Jiqing, Liang, Fangping, Du, and Dasheng, Wu. 1967b. “Yongyuan zhongyu Mao zhuxi, zhongyu Mao zhuxi de geming luxian” (Be Forever Loyal to Chairman Mao, Loyal to Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Line), Xinhua ribao, 28 July, 1.Google Scholar
Suiqing, Liu. 2006. “‘Sanzhi liangjun’ de chuzhong ji qi liangchong xing” (The original intention and dual nature of the ‘three supports and two militaries’), Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 5:90–95.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Schoenhals, Michael. 2006. Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zedong, Mao. 1967. “Jiejian jundui lingdao ganbu de tanhua” (Talk with Leading Military Officers), 13 July.Google Scholar
Bureau, Nanjing Archives. 1985. Nanjing ‘wenhua da geming’ dashiji, chugao (A Chronology of the ‘Great Cultural Revolution’ in Nanjing, draft). Nanjing: Nanjing shi dang'an guan.Google Scholar
Red Flag Editorial Department. 1967. “Xiang renmin de zhuyao diren menglie kaihuo” (Mercilessly Open Fire on the Primary Enemies of the People), Renmin ribao, 31 July, 1.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J., and Xun, Li. 1997. Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, Michael. 2005. “‘Why Don't We Arm the Left?’ Mao's Culpability in the ‘Great Chaos’ of 1967.” China Quarterly 182, 277–300.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 1978. Chang Ch'un-ch'iao and Shanghai's January Revolution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2002. “Beijing Red Guard Factionalism: Social Interpretations Reconsidered.” Journal of Asian Studies 61, 437–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2006. “Ambiguity and Choice in Political Movements: The Origins of Beijing Red Guard Factionalism.” American Journal of Sociology 112: 710–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2009. Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Wang. 2001. Wang li fansi lu (The Memoirs of Wang Li). Hong Kong: Beixing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 1995. Failure of Charisma: The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 2006. “The Wuhan Incident Revisited,” Chinese Historical Review 13, 241–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
koushu, Xing Wenju and zhengli, Yang Minqing. 2008. “Wei ‘zhongyang wen'ge’ zuo jizhe de rizi (xia)” (My Days as a Reporter for the “Central Cultural Revolution Group” [part 2]), Lao zhaopian 60, 1.Google Scholar
Kaifu, Xu. 1995. Xu Shiyou de wannian suiyue (Xu Shiyou's Later Years). Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Youyu, Xu. 1999. Xingxing sese de zaofan: Hongweibing jingshen suzhi de xingcheng ji yanbian (Rebellion of All Hues: The Formation and Evolution of Red Guard Mentalities). Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Deshan, Yang. 2005. “Shixi ‘sanzhi liangjun’ xingqi de yuanyin” (Tentative Analysis of the Reasons for the Emergence of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’), Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 6: 57–64.Google Scholar
Gang, Yuan. 2008. Fengyu ba nian (Eight Years' Storm). Nanjing: Privately published.Google Scholar
Chunqiao, Zhang. 1967. “Zhang Chunqiao jiejian Nanjing diqu san pai fu jing daibiao shi de jianghua” (Zhang Chunqiao's Talk in a Meeting with the Beijing Representatives of Three Nanjing Factions), 12 July.Google Scholar
Chunqiao, Zhang, Wenyuan, Yao, and Ping, Du. 1967. “Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Du Ping dui Jiangsu he Nanjing diqu wuchan jieji geming pai de jianghua” (Talks by Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Du Ping to the Proletarian Revolutionaries of Jiangsu and the Nanjing Region), 14 May.Google Scholar
Guoqin, Zhao. 1994. “Guanyu ‘sanzhi liangjun’ zhukeguan zuoyong ji shiwu shuxing bianxi” (Differentiating the Subjective and Objective Functions and the Objective Attributes of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’) Changbai xuekan 5:76–79.Google Scholar
Enlai, Zhou. 1967. “Zhongyang shouzhang dui Beijing xuesheng daibiao de jianghua” (Central Leaders Speeches to Representatives of Beijing Students), 11 August.Google Scholar
Ge Zhonglong 葛忠龙. Fifth-year student at Nanjing University in 1966; founding member of the Nanjing University Red Rebel Brigade and its offshoot Nanjing University August 27, which later organized a large citywide rebel alliance, Nanjing August 27. Split with this rebel group and joined the “Pro” faction in support of the January power seizure. Interviewed in April and July 2007.Google Scholar
Geng Changxian 耿昌贤. Second-year student at Nanjing University in 1966; a founder of the rebel group Nanjing University Red Rebel Brigade and an organizer and leader of the Jiangsu Province Workers' General Headquarters, devoted to the overthrow of the Nanjing authorities. Supported the January power seizure and became a leader in the “Pro” faction. Interviewed in February 2007.Google Scholar
Xing Wenju 邢文举. Liberation Army Daily correspondent who was the CCRG's representative in Nanjing. He played a major role in organizing the January 1967 power seizure. He objected to the exclusion of important rebel leaders after negotiations broke down and became an active proponent of the Anti faction's cause. Interviewed in September 2009.Google Scholar
Zeng Bangyuan 曾邦元. A 1964 graduate of Nanjing University who stayed on the campus as a political instructor and Youth League general branch secretary. Leader of the rebel group August 27, and later of the citywide rebel alliance, Nanjing August 27. Opposed the January power seizure and helped lead the “Anti” faction. Interviewed in November and December 2007.Google Scholar
Ba erqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Nanda ba erqi geming chuanlianhui guanyu ganbu wenti de shengming” (Declaration of Nanjing University August 27 Association on the Cadre Question), 6 March, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Guanyu Li Shiying beibu panbian wenti diaocha baogao (di yi hao)” (Investigation Report on the Question of Li Shiying's Betrayal While Under Arrest [no. 1]), 9 June, 3.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Jianjue zhenya fangeming—qudi fangeming zuzhi xiao tongji” (Resolutely Suppress Counterrevolution—Partial Statistics on the Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries), 25 March, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Jianjue zhenya fangeming” (Resolutely Suppress Counterrevolution), 16 March, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967e. “Qingkuang tongbao” (Situation Report), 26 June, 5–8.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967f. “Xiang Cai Yinghou lieshi xuexi” (Emulate Martyr Cai Yinghou), 9 June, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967g. “Jinjin zhangwo douzheng da fangxiang, henhen shazhu wudoufeng” (Firmly Grasp the Main Direction of the Struggle, Ruthlessly Suppress the Upsurge of Armed Conflict), 8 July, 1.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967h. “Yanzheng shengming” (Solemn Declaration), 15 June, 4.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967i. “Teji xiaoxi” (Urgent News), 15 August, 2.Google Scholar
Baerqi zhanbao (August 27 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968. “Jiang, Chen, Li, Bao fangeming fubi huodong dashiji” (Chronology of the Restorationist Activities of Jiang, Chen, Li, and Bao), 9 February, 2.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Jianjue zhixing Mao Zhuxi de ganbu zhengce” (Resolutely Implement Chairman Mao's Cadre Policy), 3 March, 4.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Fan Liang Du Wu de ren, jue meiyou hao xiachang” (Those Who Oppose Liang, Du, and Wu Will Surely Come to no Good End), 20 June, 1.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Jianxun” (Brief Bulletin), 17 August, 3.Google Scholar
Ba san zhanbao (August 3 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Ping suowei ‘Zhongguo renmin jiefang jun Nanjing budui pingfan gonggao’.” (Assessing the So-called “Rehabilitation Announcement of the Nanjing Division of the Chinese People's Liberation Army”), 9 August, 2.Google Scholar
Dadao Jiang Weiqing (Overthrow Jiang Weiqing [Nanjing]). 1968. “Xu Shiyou yu Zeng Bangyuan deng de jianghua” (Xu Shiyou's Talk with Zeng Bangyuan and Others), 15 August, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong kuaibao (East is Red Bulletin [Nanjing]). 1967. “Huanying yiqie yuanyi geming de lingdao ganbu zhanchulai” (Welcome All Leading Cadres who Want Revolution to Step Forward), 4 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967a. Chen Qifen, “Guanyu ‘Zhongyang teji dianbao’ de qingkuang” (On the Circumstances Surrounding the “Urgent Central Telegram”), 4 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Chen Qifen yanzheng shengming” (Solemn Declaration of Chen Qifen), 30 April, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Gei Zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu de yifeng xin—Jiangsu geming zaofan pai fu jing konggao tuan konggao Tan Zhenlin” (Letter to the Central Cultural Revolution Group—Jiangsu Revolutionary Rebel Beijing Petition Delegation's Accusations Against Tan Zhenlin), 21 June, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967d. “Chumu jingxin de ziben zhuyi fubi yinmou—gongbu 5.27 geming xingdong de di yi pi zhanlipin” (Shocking Conspiracy to Restore Capitalism—Announcing the First Battle Trophy from the May 27 Revolutionary Action), 9 June, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967e. “Jianjue shuli Zhongguo renmin jiefang jun juedui quanwei” (Resolutely Establish the Absolute Authority of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), 19 March, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967f. “Du Fangping de jiancha” (Du Fangping's Confession), 4 December, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967g. “Bokai Nanda hongse zaofan dui ‘xinzhong xiangnian Mao Zhuxi’ zhandou dui de huapi” (Strip Off the Disguise of the “Longing for Chairman Mao” Fighting Group of Nanjing University Rebel Rebel Brigade), 17 May, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967h. “Nanjing ji xiao 6.27 zonghuo shijian diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on the Nanjing Machinery Institute Arson Case of June 27), 8 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967i. “Zhongyang wen'ge lai dian” (Telegram from the CCRG), 8 July, 1.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967j. “Yiqi yanzhong de zhengzhi shijian—Liu.shiqi wawa qiao jianyu shijian zhenxiang” (A Serious Political Incident—The True Story of the June 17 Wawa Bridge Jail Incident), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967k. “Zhou zongli jinji zhishi” (Premier Zhou's Urgent Instructions), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967l. “Zui qianglie kangyi huagong gezao deng yi xiaocuo baotu qiangzou zhengfa jiguan dapi jimi cailiao de baoxing” (Strongly Oppose the Outrage of a Small Handful of Thugs like the Revolutionary Rebel Brigade of the East China Engineering Institute in Seizing a Large Cache of Classified Materials from the Prosecutor's Office), 6 July, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967m. “Jinji huyu—Huagong gezao deng yi xiaocuo baotu you yici chongza junguan xia de wuchan jieji zhuanzheng jiguan, dashang junguanzu zuzhang de yanzhong zhengzhi shijian” (Urgent Appeal—Another Serious Political Incident Committed by a Small Handful of Thugs from the Revolutionary Rebel Brigade of the East China Engineering Institute, Invading Organs of Proletarian Dictatorship under Military Control, Wounding the Head of the Military Control Group), 6 July, 3.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968a. “Du Fangping yu Lin Jie de hei guanxi” (The Black Ties between Du Fangping and Lin Jie), 19 February, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968b. “Du Fangping zai He Pu shijian zhong banyanle shenme juese? (What Role did Du Fangping Play in the He Pu Affair?), 19 February, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968c. “Fangeming fenzi Du Fangping de hei guanxi” (The Black Connections of Counterrevolutionary Element Du Fangping), 14 April, 2.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968d. “Jingxin dongpo de cuandang, cuanzheng, cuanjun fangeming fubi tujie” (Diagram of the Shocking Usurpation of the Party, Government and Army for a Counterrevolutionary Restoration), 8 May, 4.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Nanjing]). 1968e. “Dadao Guomindang shi dixia hei zuzhi lianzhi canmoutuan” (Overthrow the Guomingdang-style Black Underground Organization United Headquarters Staff Office), 23 March, 4.Google Scholar
Dongfanghong zhanbao (East is Red Battle News [Yangzhou]). 1967. “Du Fangping tongzhi zai Jiangsu hong zong zhengzhi gongzuo huiyi shang de jianghua (zhaiyao)” (Comrade Du Fangping's Speech at Red General Headquarters Political Work Conference [Summary]), 14 June, 3–4.Google Scholar
Geming gongren bao (Revolutionary Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Zalan fangeming heishou jituan ‘laoren chuanlianhui’” (Smash the Counterrevolutionary Black Hand Clique “Old Timer's Association”), 16 August, 4.Google Scholar
Gongren zaofan bao (Worker Rebel News [Nanjing]). 1968. “‘Dixia shengwei’ fubi ji” (Account of the Restoration of the “Underground Party Committee”), 21 January, 2–4.Google Scholar
Hongse gongren (Red Worker [Nanjing]). 1967. “Chedi fensui yuan gongzong zhixing de fangeming jingji zhuyi” (Thoroughly Smash the Counter-revolutionary Economism Carried out by the Former Workers' Headquarters), 1 March, 2–3.Google Scholar
Jiangsu gongren (Jiangsu Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Du Fangping zai jing xuexihui shang jiantao zhailu” (Excerpts from Du Fangping's Confession at the Capital Study Class), 15 March, 1–4.Google Scholar
Jinggangshan (Jinggang Mountains [Nanjing]). 1967. “Du Fangping tongzhi jiu shi jianding de geming zuopai” (Comrade Du Fangping is in Fact a Resolute Revolutionary Leftist), 15 November, 2.Google Scholar
Liu yisan zhanbao (June 13 Battle News [Nanjing]). 1967. “Paibao houtai Du Fangping, jiu shi yinggai pipan” (Du Fangping, Factional Paper's Backstage Boss, Should Indeed be Repudiated), 16 November, 2–3.Google Scholar
Nanjing ba erqi (Nanjing August 27 [Nanjing]). 1967. “Jiangsu shengji jiguan geming zaofan xin zongbu zai douzheng zhong dansheng” (The Birth of the New Headquarters of the Jiangsu Provincial Administration Revolutionary Rebels in the Midst of Struggle), 4 May, 3.Google Scholar
Nanjing ba erqi (Nanjing August 27 [Nanjing]). 1968. “Jie ‘lianzhi guwenzu’ heimu” (Expose the Black Episode of the “United Headquarters Advisory Group”), 2 August, 1.Google Scholar
Nanjing gongren (Nanjing Worker [Nanjing]). 1967. “Guanyu Li Shiying panbian zishou zuixing de diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on Li Shiying's Traitorous Confession), 24 June, 2.Google Scholar
Nanjing gongren (Nanjing Worker [Nanjing]). 1968. “Du Fangping, ni he Lin Jie you shenme guanxi?” (Du Fangping, What is your Connection with Lin Jie?), 14 February, 4.Google Scholar
Nanjing hongweibing (Nanjing Red Guard [Nanjing]). 1967. “‘Cai Yinghou shijian’ diaocha baogao” (Investigation Report on the ‘Cai Yinghou Incident’), 25 June, 3.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967a. “Women wei shenme yao chedi gaizu ‘Jiangsu sheng gongren hongse zaofan zong silingbu’—geming zaofan pai gongren da qunzhong wen” (Why we Must Thoroughly Reorganize the ‘Jiangsu Province Workers Red Rebel General Headquarters’—Revolutionary Rebel Workers Answer the Masses' Questions), 8 February, 3.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967b. “Geming de lingdao ganbu gankuai liangxiang” (Revolutionary Leading Cadres Hasten to Declare their Stand), 8 March, 2.Google Scholar
Nongnu ji (Halberd of the Serfs [Nanjing]). 1967c. “Xiang Liang, Du, Wu xuexi, yongdang geming zaofan pai” (Emulate Liang, Du, and Wu, Forever be a Revolutionary Rebel), 15 April, 1.Google Scholar
Xinghuo liaoyuan (A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire [Nanjing]). 1967. “Dixia hei shujichu zai xingdong zhong” (Black Underground Secretariat in Action), 7 December, 2-3.Google Scholar
Xinghuo liaoyuan (A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire [Nanjing]). 1968. “He Pu yu Du Fangping” (He Pu and Du Fangping), 28 February, 4.Google Scholar
Weihua, Bu. 2008. Zalan jiu shijie: Wenhua da geming de dongluan yu haojie (Smashing the Old World: The Catastrophic Turmoil of the Cultural Revolution). Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1967a. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu guanyu paiqian diaocha zu fu Jiangsu tongzhi” (CCP Central Committee, State Council, and Central Cultural Revolution Group Notice on the Dispatch of an Investigation Group to Jiangsu Province), 15 August.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1967b. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang junwei, zhongyang wen'ge xiaozu guanyu zhankai yongjun aimin yundong de haozhao” (Proclamation of the CCP Central Committee, State Council, Central Military Commission, and Central Cultural Revolution Group on the Unfolding of the Movement to Support the Army and Cherish the People), 25 August.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee. 1968. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan, zhongyang junwei, zhongyang wen'ge guanyu chengli Jiangsu sheng geming weiyuanhui qingshi de zhishi” (Directive of the CCP Central Committee, State Council, Central Military Commission, and Central Cultural Revolution Group on the Request for Instructions on the Establishment of the Jiangsu Province Revolutionary Committee), 20 March.Google Scholar
Central Documents Research Office. 1997. Zhou Enlai nianpu, xia juan (Zhou Enlai Chronology, Vol. 3). Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lifeng, Deng. 2001. “‘Sanzhi liangjun’ shulun” (An Account of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’), Dangdai Zhongguo shi yanjiu 6: 39–52.Google Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong. 2009. Qinli ‘wen'ge’: 14 wei Nanjing daxue shisheng koushu lishi (Personal Accounts of the ‘Cultural Revolution’: Oral Histories of Fourteen Nanjing University Faculty and Students). New York: Cozy House.Google Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong. 2010. “The First Uprising of the Cultural Revolution at Nanjing University: Dynamics, Nature, and Interpretation.” Journal of Cold War Studies 12:3, 30–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guoqiang, Dong and Walder, Andrew G.. 2010. “Nanjing's Failed ‘January Revolution’ of 1967: The Inner Politics of a Provincial Power Seizure.” China Quarterly 203, 675–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Hong Yung. 1978. The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ke, Li and Shengzhang, Hao. 1989. ‘Wenhua da geming’ zhong de renmin jiefang jun (The People's Liberation Army during the ‘Great Cultural Revolution’). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi ziliao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wenqing, Li. 2002a. Jin kan Xu Shiyou, 1967–1985 (Xu Shiyou Up Close, 1967–1985). Beijing: Jiefang jun wenyi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wenqing, Li. 2002b. “‘Wenhua da geming’ zhong de Xu Shiyou jiangjun (er)” (General Xu Shiyou in the “Great Cultural Revolution” [part 2]), Dangshi zongheng 12, 19–22.Google Scholar
Jiqing, Liang, Fangping, Du, and Dasheng, Wu. 1967a. “Women shi zenyang zhichi wuchan jieji geming pai de” (How We Supported the Proletariant Revolutionary Left), Hongqi 5, 39–43.Google Scholar
Jiqing, Liang, Fangping, Du, and Dasheng, Wu. 1967b. “Yongyuan zhongyu Mao zhuxi, zhongyu Mao zhuxi de geming luxian” (Be Forever Loyal to Chairman Mao, Loyal to Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Line), Xinhua ribao, 28 July, 1.Google Scholar
Suiqing, Liu. 2006. “‘Sanzhi liangjun’ de chuzhong ji qi liangchong xing” (The original intention and dual nature of the ‘three supports and two militaries’), Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 5:90–95.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Schoenhals, Michael. 2006. Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zedong, Mao. 1967. “Jiejian jundui lingdao ganbu de tanhua” (Talk with Leading Military Officers), 13 July.Google Scholar
Bureau, Nanjing Archives. 1985. Nanjing ‘wenhua da geming’ dashiji, chugao (A Chronology of the ‘Great Cultural Revolution’ in Nanjing, draft). Nanjing: Nanjing shi dang'an guan.Google Scholar
Red Flag Editorial Department. 1967. “Xiang renmin de zhuyao diren menglie kaihuo” (Mercilessly Open Fire on the Primary Enemies of the People), Renmin ribao, 31 July, 1.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J., and Xun, Li. 1997. Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, Michael. 2005. “‘Why Don't We Arm the Left?’ Mao's Culpability in the ‘Great Chaos’ of 1967.” China Quarterly 182, 277–300.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 1978. Chang Ch'un-ch'iao and Shanghai's January Revolution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2002. “Beijing Red Guard Factionalism: Social Interpretations Reconsidered.” Journal of Asian Studies 61, 437–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2006. “Ambiguity and Choice in Political Movements: The Origins of Beijing Red Guard Factionalism.” American Journal of Sociology 112: 710–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 2009. Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Wang. 2001. Wang li fansi lu (The Memoirs of Wang Li). Hong Kong: Beixing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 1995. Failure of Charisma: The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 2006. “The Wuhan Incident Revisited,” Chinese Historical Review 13, 241–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
koushu, Xing Wenju and zhengli, Yang Minqing. 2008. “Wei ‘zhongyang wen'ge’ zuo jizhe de rizi (xia)” (My Days as a Reporter for the “Central Cultural Revolution Group” [part 2]), Lao zhaopian 60, 1.Google Scholar
Kaifu, Xu. 1995. Xu Shiyou de wannian suiyue (Xu Shiyou's Later Years). Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Youyu, Xu. 1999. Xingxing sese de zaofan: Hongweibing jingshen suzhi de xingcheng ji yanbian (Rebellion of All Hues: The Formation and Evolution of Red Guard Mentalities). Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Deshan, Yang. 2005. “Shixi ‘sanzhi liangjun’ xingqi de yuanyin” (Tentative Analysis of the Reasons for the Emergence of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’), Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 6: 57–64.Google Scholar
Gang, Yuan. 2008. Fengyu ba nian (Eight Years' Storm). Nanjing: Privately published.Google Scholar
Chunqiao, Zhang. 1967. “Zhang Chunqiao jiejian Nanjing diqu san pai fu jing daibiao shi de jianghua” (Zhang Chunqiao's Talk in a Meeting with the Beijing Representatives of Three Nanjing Factions), 12 July.Google Scholar
Chunqiao, Zhang, Wenyuan, Yao, and Ping, Du. 1967. “Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Du Ping dui Jiangsu he Nanjing diqu wuchan jieji geming pai de jianghua” (Talks by Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Du Ping to the Proletarian Revolutionaries of Jiangsu and the Nanjing Region), 14 May.Google Scholar
Guoqin, Zhao. 1994. “Guanyu ‘sanzhi liangjun’ zhukeguan zuoyong ji shiwu shuxing bianxi” (Differentiating the Subjective and Objective Functions and the Objective Attributes of the ‘Three Supports and Two Militaries’) Changbai xuekan 5:76–79.Google Scholar
Enlai, Zhou. 1967. “Zhongyang shouzhang dui Beijing xuesheng daibiao de jianghua” (Central Leaders Speeches to Representatives of Beijing Students), 11 August.Google Scholar