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^{page 40 note 1} ‘This American Ascendancy’, Nation's Business, 15 (03 1927), 15.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 2} Journal of American History, 53 (06 1966), 75–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 40 note 3} Political Science Quarterly, 2 (06 1887), 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar. According to Waldo, Dwight, Wilson's article inaugurated ‘the period when public administration was gradually to become conscious of itself as a distinct activity and inquiry’. The Administrative State (New York: Ronald Press, 1948), p. 5, footnote.Google Scholar

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^{page 41 note 1} Curti, M. and Carstensen, V., The University of Wisconsin, 1848–1925 (Madison: Wisconsin U.P., 1949), vol. I, p. 464.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 2} Howe, , p. 164.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 3} See Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. II, p. 463.Google Scholar From 1900–1 to 1907–8 the number of engineering students increased from 411 to 921 although there was little further growth in numbers over the next two decades.

^{page 41 note 4} Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. I, p. 503.Google Scholar

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^{page 42 note 1} Reprinted in Works of Theodore Roosevelt, edited Hagedorn, H. (New York: Scribner, 1926), vol. XVII, Social Justice and Popular Rule, p. 275.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 2} Nevins, Allan, The State Universities and Democracy (Urbana: Illinois U.P., 1962), pp. 53–4.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 3} Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. II, p. 549.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 4} Quoted in Cubberley, E. P., Readings in Public Education in the United States (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1934), p. 480.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 5} The Uses of the University, Godkin Lectures (Cambridge: Harvard U.P., 1963), p. 88.Google Scholar‘What the railroads did for the second half of the last century and the automobile for the first half of this century may be done for the second half of this century by the knowledge industry.’ By way of criticism see Ridgeway, James, The Closed Corporation, American Universities in Crisis (New York: Random House, 1968).Google Scholar

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^{page 43 note 1} Quoted in Haber, Samuel, Efficiency and Uplift (Chicago: Chicago U.P., 1964), p. 105Google Scholar. Quoted originally in a letter of F. W. Taylor to C. G. Barth, 18 Nov. 1910. For an account of the close connexion between scientific management or ‘Taylorism’ and the municipal reform movement, see Haber, , ch. 6, ‘The Politics of Efficiency’, pp. 99–116.Google Scholar

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^{page 43 note 3} Commons, p. 195. See also Olson, Frederick, ‘Milwaukee's First Socialist Administration, 1910–12: A Political Evaluation’, Mid-America, 43 (07 1961), 197–207.Google Scholar

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^{page 43 note 5} White, Leonard D., Government Career Service (Chicago: Chicago U.P., 1935), p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 6} Croly, p. 145. Even the referendum, the ultimate in direct democracy in the modern state, was seen as ‘A Vast Educational Scheme’ by Eltweed Pomeroy, the president of the National Direct-Legislation League, The Arena, 34 (08 1905), 142–6.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 1} Presidential Address to American Economic Association, Procs. 1908, p. 168.

^{page 44 note 2} Quoted by Patten, ibid. p. 170.

^{page 44 note 3} Croly, p. 357.

^{page 44 note 4} Howe, p. 46. Compare McCarthy, Charles R., The Wisconsin Idea (New York: Macmillan, 1912), p. 31Google Scholar. ‘If Wisconsin is a prosperous state to-day, there is no doubt that it is largely because of German ideas and ideals, early instituted in the state.’ German achievements were attributed to the ‘close identification of science with politics’ which made the expert ‘the alter ego of the statesman and the administrator’. See also Howe, p. 38.

^{page 44 note 5} The Nation, 101 (9 09 1915), 322–4.Google ScholarThe Nation, liberal in economics, conservative in politics, and Anglophile in sentiment, was particularly critical of the ‘Wisconsin Idea’ despite the support which E. L. Godkin, its first editor and a Liberal Republican, had given to the movement for civil service reform in the 1870s. The outbreak of the First World War provided it with a useful stick. ‘Just at the moment’, it declared, ‘we have a rare opportunity of studying the fruits of social efficiency in Germany, the land where the State-university idea has achieved its finest realization.’ The Socialists of the Chair, of whom the two most famous were Adolf Wagner and Gustav Schmoller, had a great influence on visiting American students such as Richard T. Ely, E. J. James, and Simon N. Patten and the ‘Union for Social Polities’, founded in 1872, may be regarded in some respects as the precursor of the American Economic Association.

^{page 45 note 1} The Wisconsin Idea, p. 187.

^{page 45 note 2} ‘Training for Public Service’, New Republic, 7 (8 07 1916), 240–1Google Scholar. See also Croly, Herbert, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1909), p. 336.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 3} The Public and its Government (New Haven: Yale U.P. 1930), p. 150.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 4} See Hoogenboom, A. A., ‘An Analysis of Civil Service Reformers’, The Historian, 22 (11 1960), 54–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and more fully in Outlawing the Spoils: a history of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–83 (Urbana: Illinois U.P., 1961).Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 5} Richardson, , Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol VII, p. 4948.Google Scholar

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^{page 46 note 1} Munro, W. B., Municipal Government and Administration, vol II (New York: Macmillan, 1923), p. 33Google Scholar, footnote. Taken from Report of the National Municipal League's Committee on Civil Service (1923), p. 4, footnote. See also Kingsbury, J. B., ‘The Merit System in Chicago from 1895 to 1915. The Adoption of the Civil Service Law’, Public Personal Studies, 3 (11 1925), 306–11.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 2} New Republic, 7 (8 07 1916), 240–1.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 3} Croly, , Progressive Democracy, p. 377.Google Scholar See also Universities and Public Service; Proceedings of National Conference called by Mayor John Purroy Mitchel of New York and held under the auspices of the A.P.S.A. Committee on Practical Training (Madison, 1914).

^{page 46 note 4} Inaugural Address, Jubilee of the University of Wisconsin (Madison, 1904), p. 121.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 1} ‘The Function of the State University’, Science, 22 (17 11 1905), 625Google Scholar. See also ‘Professional Training for Important Positions in the Public Service’, a paper presented in absentia to the conference on Universities and Public Service, pp. 269–73. James favoured what he called ‘The German Solution for a Trained Public Service’.

^{page 47 note 2} ‘Pioneer Ideas and the State University’, a commencement address delivered at the University of Indiana in 1910. Reprinted in The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), pp. 285–6.Google Scholar See also Universities and Public Service, p. 53.

^{page 47 note 3} The Social Law of Service (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1896), p. 171.Google Scholar

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^{page 47 note 7} See Rader, B. G., The Academic Mind and Reform (Lexington: Kentucky U.P., 1966), pp. 162–4.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 8} Henry Bruere, appointed Chamberlain of New York by Mayor Mitchel, resigned, when half the mayor's term was up, to ‘ally’ himself with a large commercial enterprise. Dayton lost its chief bookkeeper to become paymaster of a manufacturing company and in Philadelphia, Morris L. Cooke, Director of Public Works, lost his chief ‘crackerjack’ to another manufacturing company. See The Public Servant (Jan. 1917), 152. See also ‘Why Do Men Leave the Public Service?’ in Fitzpatrick, Edward A., edited, Experts in City Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1919), pp. 48–56.Google Scholar ‘To Thomas Jefferson, democrat, is generally ascribed the epigram that of public office holders “few die and none resign”. This is hardly true nowadays, as we find that while but few die, a great many do resign.’

^{page 48 note 1} White, Leonard D., Trends in Public Administration (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933), p. 261.Google Scholar

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^{page 49 note 1} ‘The United States Civil Service’, Fortune, 10 (11 1934), 161.Google Scholar A major criticism of Fortune was that the New Deal was an ‘amateur administration’.

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^{page 50 note 1} Report Upon the Survey of the University of Wisconsin (State Board of Public Affairs: Madison, 1915), p. 169.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 2} Margulies, , pp. 134–7Google Scholar. ‘While La Follette was chiefly concerned for the preservation of democracy, and saw economic issues as means towards that end, McGovern subordinated political to economic reform’, introducing a workmen's compensation law, and setting up both an Industrial Commission and a multi-purpose Board of Public Affairs.

^{page 50 note 3} ‘Demos and the Professor’, The Nation, 100 (27 05 1915), 595–7Google Scholar. Compare Margulies, p. 155. ‘Most important of all in halting the Progressives was the basic conservatism of the electorate itself. Old Isaac Stephenson, who broke with the Progressives in 1908, apparently expressed the views of a great many when he wrote: “In Wisconsin the old railroad-corporation crowd, the inner ring which controlled party affairs to the exclusion of all others, had been fairly routed and some good laws were placed on the statute books. There the task ended for me.”’

^{page 50 note 4} Quoted in The Nation, 100, 596.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 1} Goodnow, F. J., Municipal Government (New York: The Century Co., 1909), p. 225.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 2} New York Evening Post, 22 May 1913.

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^{page 52 note 1} Twenty-second Report of the U.S. Civil Service Commission, June 1905, p. 23. This complaint was repeated in 1906 and again in 1907, and reappeared in a different form in 1921.

^{page 52 note 2} Foltz, El Bie F., The Federal Civil Service as a Career (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1909), pp. 151–212 on the subject of ‘Salaries’.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 3} Lowell, A. Lawrence, Public Opinion and Popular Government (New York: Longmans, Green, 1913), p. 300Google Scholar. For a formidable list of posts still in 1912 ‘at the disposal of the President’, see Miller, Wilbur G., Office Seekers' Blue Book, A Comprehensive Manual of Instruction for Those Wishing Federal Office (1913).Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 4} Munro, , vol. II, p. 42.Google Scholar Civil service commissions had ‘concentrated their attention too exclusively upon the work of examining candidates’ and had ‘laid too little emphasis upon the importance of recruiting a better grade of applicants’.

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^{page 53 note 1} Munro, , vol. II, p. 42.Google Scholar

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^{page 55 note 1} Bendix, Reinhard, Work and Authority in Industry (New York: John Wiley, 1956), p. 214.Google Scholar

^{page 55 note 2} On this theme see McNamara, Robert S., The Essence of Security; Reflections in Office (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1968), pp. 109–12.Google Scholar ‘Europe’, writes McNamara, ‘is weak educationally, and that weakness is seriously crippling its growth. It is weak in its general education; it is weak in its technical education; and it is particularly weak in its managerial education.’.

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^{page 56 note 1} Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. I, p. 631.Google Scholar

^{page 56 note 2} Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. II, p. 342Google Scholar. It seemed ‘certain that the demand for intelligent and successful business men’ was ‘increasing more readily than the corresponding demand in the professions’. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, No. 34. A Report to the Board of Regents on the Establishment of a School or College of Commerce (Madison, 01 1900), p. 4.Google Scholar

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^{page 56 note 4} Drift and Mastery (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914) p. 63.Google Scholar

^{page 56 note 5} Ibid. p. 47.

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^{page 57 note 1} See, for example, Cleveland, F. A., ‘How Have We Been Getting Along Without a Budget?’ Procs. of A.P.S.A. (12 1912), pp. 44–67Google Scholar; Haskins, C. W., ‘The Municipal Accounts of Chicago’, Business, the Office Paper, 21 (05 1901)Google Scholar; Cooke, M. L., ‘The Influence of Scientific Management Upon Government—Federal, State and Municipal’, Bulletin of the Taylor Society, 9 (02 1924), 31–8.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 2} Croly, , Progressive Democracy, pp. 399–400.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 3} Franklin, B. A., ‘The Industrial Executive’, Management and Administration, 8 (09 1924), 250.Google Scholar

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^{page 57 note 5} Scott, p. 133.

^{page 57 note 6} Crane, R. T., The Utility of All Kinds of Higher Schooling (Chicago: H. O. Shepard, 1909), p. 97.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 7} Curti, and Carstensen, , vol. II, p. 307.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 8} See, for example, ‘Bank Scholarship Opportunity’ which deals with the action of the National City Bank of New York in recruiting college men. The Commerce Magazine, (Madison, 5 02 1921), 13.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 1} Sixteen Years at the University of Illinois: A Statistical Study of the Administration of Edmund J.James (Urbana: Illinois U.P., 1920) pp. 160, 217.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 2} Bossard, and Dewhurst, , p. 257.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 3} SirAshley, William, Commercial Education (London: Williams and Norgate, 1926), p. 101.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 4} ‘Business and the Young Accountant’, Michigan Business Studies, 2 (05 1929), 36.Google Scholar

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^{page 58 note 6} ‘The Opportunity of Management’, Industrial Government (New York: Macmillan, 1921), p. 269.Google Scholar

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^{page 58 note 8} New York: Longmans, Green, 1918.

^{page 59 note 1} Journal of Political Economy, 21 (03 1913), 187–8Google Scholar. Compare Lippmann, Walter, Drift and Mastery, pp. 58–60.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 2} ‘Steps in Industrial Management’, American Machinist, 54 (17 03 1921), 444–7.Google Scholar

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^{page 60 note 1} ‘What happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920's?’ American Historical Review, 64 (07 1959), 833–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 60 note 2} North Toward Home (London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 252Google Scholar. See also Thometz, Carol Estes, The Decision Makers, The Power Structure of Dallas (Dallas: Southern Methodist U.P., 1963)Google Scholar. Babbitt ‘nervously awaited his university class-dinner and an evening of furious intimacy with such social leaders as Charles McKelvey the millionaire contractor, Max Kruger the banker, Irving Tate the tool-manufacturer, and Adelbert Dobson the fashionable interior-decorator…. All the week before the class-dinner he thought of them. “No reason why we shouldn't become real chummy now!”’ (London: Cape, 1945 edition), p. 187.