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²³ Ibid., 571–93.

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²⁵ Ibid., 593–605.

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²⁸ For an example of this sort of claim today see Mike Gonzalez, “This BLM Co-founder and Pro-Communist China Group Are Partnering Up. Here's Why,” Daily Signal, 15 Sept. 2020, at www.dailysignal.com/2020/09/15/this-blm-co-founder-and-pro-communist-china-group-are-partnering-up-heres-why.

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⁴³ Malloy, 219.

⁴⁴ Benjamin Young, “Imagining Revolutionary Feminism: Communist Asia and the Women of the Black Panther Party,” Souls, 21, 1 (Jan.–March 2019), 1–17.

⁴⁵ Spencer, 175.

⁴⁶ Malloy, 222.

⁴⁷ Brown, A Taste of Power, 313–14. Spencer, 175.

⁴⁸ Huey Newton, “Intercommunalism” (1974), Viewpoint magazine, 11 June 2018, at www.viewpointmag.com/2018/06/11/intercommunalism-1974.

⁴⁹ Vasquez.

⁵⁰ “Tanzania–Zambia Railway Construction ahead of Schedule,” Black Panther, 2 Feb. 1974, 12. “Tanzanian Ambassador: ‘China Cooperation Example for Third World’,” Black Panther, 27 April 1974, 12. “Tanzania Gets Loan from China,” Black Panther, 18 May 1974, 15. “Zambia: Kaunda Discusses Trip to China,” Black Panther, 1 June 1974, 16. “Zambia: Kaunda Discusses Trip to China Pt. 2,” Black Panther, 8 June 1974, 17. “FRELIMO Delegation Hailed in China: Large Crowds Shout Revolutionary Slogans of Welcome,” Black Panther, 8 March 1975, 14. “FRELIMO Delegation Visits Tachai Commune,” Black Panther, 22 March 1975, 19. “China to Attend Mozambique Independence Celebration,” Black Panther, 29 March 1975, 17. “China Protests Murder of ZANU Leader,” Black Panther, 28 April 1975, 19. “China on Rebirth of Mozambique,” Black Panther, 14 July 1975, 2. “People's China and Zimbabwean Struggle,” Black Panther, 1 Sept. 1975, 2. “China on OAU and African Liberation,” Black Panther, 17 Aug. 1974, 2, 6. “China Denounces US over Population Myth,” Black Panther, 31 Aug. 1974, 15, 18.

⁵¹ “China on OAU and African Liberation,” 2, 6.

⁵² “China Denounces US over Population Myth,” 15, 18.

⁵³ “People's China at the UN,” Black Panther, 26 Oct. 1974, 2, 14.

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⁵⁸ “People's China Celebrates 25th Anniversary,” Black Panther, 12 Oct. 1974, 15, 20.

⁵⁹ “China Readies for Growing Russian Threat,” Black Panther, 13 April 1974, 17.

⁶⁰ “World Scope: China,” Black Panther, 3 Aug. 1974, 18.

⁶¹ “Kissinger Goes to China Hat in Hand,” Black Panther, 3 March 1973, 13.

⁶² “Kissinger Visit to China Misleading,” Black Panther, 24 Nov. 1973, 2.

⁶³ Elbaum, Revolution in the Air, 207–16.

⁶⁴ “Black Panther Party Salutes China's 25th Anniversary,” Black Panther, 12 Oct. 1974, 15, 20.

⁶⁵ “People's China Celebrates 25th Anniversary,” 15.

⁶⁶ “China Defends Third World Right to Resources,” Black Panther, 20 April 1974, 15.

⁶⁷ “China's Oil Industry Booming,” Black Panther, 12 Jan. 1974, 7.

⁶⁸ “Black Panther Party Salutes China's 25th Anniversary,” 15, 20.

⁶⁹ “American Scientists Find Advanced Farming System in China,” Black Panther, 19 Oct. 1974, 15, 18.

⁷⁰ “China: Molding Servants of Humankind,” Black Panther, 1 March 1975, 14.

⁷¹ “Four Films Capture China's Great Strides,” Black Panther, 8 Dec. 1973, 17.

⁷² “Black Panther Party Salutes China's 25th Anniversary,” 15, 20.

⁷³ Zhiming Long and Rémy Herrera, “The Enigma of China's Growth,” Monthly Review, 1 Dec. 2018, at https://monthlyreview.org/2018/12/01/the-enigma-of-chinas-growth.

⁷⁴ Kelly and Esch, “Black Like Mao,” 129.

⁷⁵ “Four Films Capture China's Great Strides,” 17.

⁷⁶ “China: Molding Servants of Humankind,” Black Panther, 28 April 1975, 14.

⁷⁷ “China: Molding Servants of Humankind Part 3,” Black Panther, 18 Jan. 1975, 12.

⁷⁸ Vasquez, “Intercommunalism.”

⁷⁹ “China: Molding Servants of Humankind Part 4,” Black Panther, 22 Feb. 1975, 12.

⁸⁰ “Normalization of Relations with People's China to Win Billions in Profits for US,” Black Panther, 12 Jan. 1979, 5.

⁸¹ This contrasted with more classical Marxist models, which argued that a country's particular material conditions determined whether or not a socialist revolution made sense for it.

⁸² Bob Avakian, “The Loss in China and the Revolutionary Legacy of Mao Tse-Tung,” speech, Mao Tsetung Memorial Meeting, Chicago, Sept. 1978.

⁸³ “China's Modernization Serves Socialism,” Unity, 1–14 Dec. 1978, at www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-5/lrs-china-modernization.htm.

⁸⁴ Kelly and Esch, 129–55.

⁸⁵ Dorothy Ballan, “Some Aspects of Sam Marcy's Life,” Workers World, 12 Feb. 1998, at www.workers.org/marcy/cd/samtrib/marcybio.htm.

⁸⁶ Robert Thomas Jr., “Sam Marcy, Marxist Writer, Dies at 86,” New York Times, 9 Feb. 1998, at www.nytimes.com/1998/02/09/nyregion/sam-marcy-marxist-writer-dies-at-86.html. Larry Holmes, “Sam Saw the National Question as Central to Our Revolution,” Workers World, 26 March 1998, at www.workers.org/marcy/cd/samtrib/holmes.htm.

⁸⁷ Thomas.

⁸⁸ Trostky, Leon, The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects (Seattle: Red Letter Press, 2010), 310–16Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Alexander, International Trotskyism, 911.

⁹⁰ Sam Marcy, “The Global Class War and the Destiny of American Labor: Is There an Independent Destiny for the American Working Class?”, Marxist Internet Archive, 1953, at www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/marcy/gclasswar/1953_Global_Class_War.html.

⁹¹ Alexander, 911.

⁹² Ibid., 912–13.

⁹³ Holmes.

⁹⁴ Alexander, 912–13.

⁹⁵ Leslie Feinberg, “Self,” last updated 15 Nov. 2014, at www.lesliefeinberg.net/self.

⁹⁶ Sam Marcy, “The Internal Struggle in China,” Workers World, 15 March 1976, 9.

⁹⁷ Sam Marcy, “The Suppression of the Left in China,” Workers World, 15 Oct. 1976, 9.

⁹⁸ Samir Amin, “China 2013,” Monthly Review, March 2013, at https://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/china-2013.

⁹⁹ Sam Marcy, “The Suppression of the Left in China, Part 2,” Workers World, 22 Oct. 1976, 9.

¹⁰⁰ Sam Marcy, “The Suppression of the Left in China, Part 3,” Workers World, 29 Oct. 1976, 9.

¹⁰¹ Sam Marcy, “The Struggle within China's Leadership,” Workers World, 9 April 1976, 9.

¹⁰² Sam Marcy, “Kissinger's China Visit,” Workers World, 6 Dec. 1974, 9.

¹⁰³ Sam Marcy, “Behind the Nixon Trip to China,” Workers World, 27 Feb. 1976, 9.

¹⁰⁴ Sam Marcy, “The Internal Struggle in China.”

¹⁰⁵ “China's UN Vote,” Workers World, 29 Aug. 1975, 8.

¹⁰⁶ Deirdre Griswold, “In Defense of the Chinese Revolution: The Record of the Workers World Party,” Workers World, 17 Sept. 1976, at www.workers.org/marcy/china/9.html.

¹⁰⁷ Sara Flounders, “RCP Abandons Chinese Revolution,” Workers World, 15 Sept. 1978, 8.

¹⁰⁸ Several of them had advised welfare states during the Great Depression, like Weimar Germany and the New Deal US. However, they founded the Monthly Review with a distaste for reforming capitalism and advocated for economists to serve mass movements over politicians.

¹⁰⁹ Christopher Phelps, “Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century,” Monthly Review, May 1999, at https://monthlyreview.org/1999/05/01/introduction.

¹¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹¹ John J. Simon, “Paul Sweezy,” The Guardian, 4 March 2004, at www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/04/guardianobituaries.obituaries.

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¹¹⁶ Paul Sweezy, Harry Magdoff, and John Gurley, “China's Economic Strategy,” Monthly Review, July–Aug. 1975, 1–12.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 49–58.

¹¹⁸ Editors, “Twenty-Five Eventful Years,” 1–13.

¹¹⁹ Sweezy, Magdoff, and Gurley.

¹²⁰ William Hinton, “Correspondence: Comments on the Summer China Issue,” Monthly Review, March 1976, 55–61.

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¹²³ Ibid., 38.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 32.

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¹²⁶ Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 347–57Google Scholar.

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¹²⁸ For example, nineteenth-century anthropology's distinction from history served imperialism, since it allowed Europeans to consider their colonies’ pasts as “prehistorical” and therefore inferior. However, “area studies” supplanted anthropology after World War II because of Western imperialism's need to understand decolonized nation-states.

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¹³¹ Immanuel Wallerstein, “Trends in World Capitalism,” Monthly Review, May 1974, 12–18.

¹³² Paul Sweezy, “Socialism in Poor Countries,” Monthly Review, Oct. 1976, 1–13.

¹³³ Bettelheim, Charles, The Transition to Socialist Economy (Brighton: The Harvester Press Limited, 1975), 152–53Google Scholar.

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¹³⁷ Ibid., 60.

¹³⁸ Ibid., 64.

¹³⁹ Jerome Ch'en, Robert Leiken, Arthur MacEwan, and Joan Robinson, “Readers Comment on China since Mao,” Monthly Review, May 1979, 21–60, Jerome Ch'en, 22.

¹⁴⁰ Arthur MacEwan, ibid., 48.

¹⁴¹ Joan Robinson, ibid., 49–52.

¹⁴² Ch'en, ibid., 28.

¹⁴³ MacEwan, ibid., 42–48; Robinson, ibid., 53.

¹⁴⁴ Ch'en, ibid., 30; Robinson, ibid., 54.