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Charles A. Beard: The English Experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2009

John Braeman
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Extract

During his life, as after his death, Charles A. Beard was a controversial figure. An unsympathetic Allan Nevins dismissed him as the exponent of “a smart, hard materialism.” His former student and long-time friend Raymond Moley regarded him as the exemplar of a “hard-bitten realism,” a realism heavily laced with skepticism toward “orthodoxy — even his own earlier orthodoxies.” His “real spirit,” the “essential ‘style’ of the man,” his friend and neighbor Matthew Josephson found, “was realistic, skeptical, pragmatic.” Yet there was another side to Beard. He had, an admirer wrote, “a deep concern about human beings, a profound respect for human dignity.” The philosopher Irwin Edman, who took his course in American government when an undergraduate at Columbia, recalled how he conveyed to his students not simply his “passionate concern for an understanding of the realities of government,” but his “ideal of government: the liberation of the energies of men.” The problem, his wife perceptively recognized, was that Beard was such “a highly complicated person” that he “cannot be classified into any mere category of man, thinker, historian. He was not mentally static enough for that simplification.”

Beard's multifarious accomplishments and activities were more than sufficient to fill the lifetimes of several men.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of American Studies , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , August 1981 , pp. 165 - 189
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

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References

John Braeman is Professor of History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588. He wishes to thank Mr. David Horsfield, Librarian of Ruskin College, for his assistance in working in the materials in the College Archives

1 Nevins, Allan, review of Beard's A Foreign Policy for America, New York Times, 26 05 1940Google Scholar; Moley, Raymond, 27 Masters of Politics: In a Personal Perspective (New York, 1949), p. 15Google Scholar; Josephson, Matthew, “Charles Beard: A Memoir,” Virginia Quarterly Review 25 (Autumn 1949): 589Google Scholar.

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3 Mary R. Beard to Merle Curti, 14 February 1952, 11 November 1950, Curti Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

4 There exists no biography that attempts to cover the entire range of his interests and activities. The fullest available account of his early years is Schmunk, Paul L., “Charles Austin Beard: A Free Spirit 1874–1919,” Ph.D. diss., University of New Mexico, 1957Google Scholar. Borning, Bernard C., The Political and Social Thought of Charles A. Beard (Seattle, 1962)Google Scholar, is comprehensive on that subject but pedestrian. More perceptive, though more narrowly focused, is Hofstadter, Richard, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (New York, 1968), pp. 167–346Google Scholar. On his role in and influence upon American historiography, see Berg, Elias, The Historical Thinking of Charles A. Beard (Stockholm, 1957)Google Scholar, and Strout, Cushing, The Pragmatic Revolt in American History: Carl Becker and Charles Beard (New Haven, 1958)Google Scholar. Kennedy, Thomas C., Charles A. Beard and American Foreign Policy (Gains-ville, Fla., 1975)Google Scholar, traces his views and involvements in that area. Beale, Beard, is a collection of admiring appraisals and recollections.

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6 Beard to George P. Brett, 3 September 1907, Beard file, Macmillan Company Records, New York Public Library.

7 Beard, , A Foreign Policy for America (New York, 1940), p. 13Google Scholar.

8 For Beard's recollections of his father, see: Goldman, Eric, “The Origins of Beard's Economic Interpretation of the Constitution,” Journal of the History of Ideas 13 (04 1952): 234CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On his boyhood and undergraduate education: Clifton J. Phillips, “The Indiana Education of Charles A. Beard,” and Phillips, , ed., “Charles A. Beard's Recollections of Henry County, Indiana,” Indiana Magazine of History 55 (03 1959): 1–15, 17–23Google Scholar.

9 See, for example, Beard, speech at Progressive Education Association meeting, New York Times, 22 October 1939.

10 Beard to Fred B. Millett, 23 February 1937, Millett Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

11 For the English political and intellectual background, see Pierson, Stanley, Marxism and the Origins of British Socialism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973)Google Scholar, and British Socialists: The Journey from Fantasy to Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1979)Google Scholar; Emy, H. V., Liberals Radicals and Social Politics 1892–1914 (Cambridge, 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Clarke, Peter, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Beard to Lionel Elvin, 18 December 1945, Ruskin College Archives, Oxford. The two accounts Beard wrote of his stay in England which are in the Ruskin College Archives – the other to A. Barrett Brown, 7 July [1940?] – have been published in Wilkins, Burleigh T., ed., “Charles A. Beard on the Founding of Ruskin Hall,” Indiana Magazine of History 52 (09 1956): 277–84Google Scholar.

13 Undated note from Alfred Vagts, Beard microfilm, DePauw University Archives, Greencastle, Ind.

14 R. M. Stephenson to Clifton J. Phillips, 10 October 1957, Phillips Collection, D.C. #11, folder 1, DePauw University Archives. Re Stephenson's role in inspiring Beard to go on for graduate work in history: Stephenson recommendation, n.d., Beard Collection, D.C. #10, folder 11, DePauw University Archives.

15 Beard, , “The Story of a Race,” DePauw Palladium, 18 04 1898Google Scholar.

16 Beard letter, dated 10 September 1898, in DePauw Palladium, 17 October 1898, clipping, folder 10, DePauw Beard Collection.

17 W. L. Bell to author, 2 November 1977; William Beard to author, 21 October 1980. Re the status of “Non-Collegiate Students,” see The Student's Handbook to the University and Colleges of Oxford, 15th ed. (Oxford, 1901), p. 21Google Scholar.

18 Beard, “Short Account of My Work,” attached to Beard to Frederick Jackson Turner, 24 April 1903, History Department Records, University of Wisconsin Archives.

19 On Poole, see: Dictionary of National Biography: 1931–1940 (London, 1949), pp. 714–15Google Scholar.

20 Beard, , American Government and Politics (New York, 1910), p. 60Google Scholar.

21 Dictionary of National Biography: Supplement January 1901-December 1911, 3 vols. (London, 1912), 3, 129–32Google Scholar; Elton, Oliver, Frederick York Powell: A Life and a Selection from His Letters and Occasional Writings, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1906), 1, 312–13Google Scholar.

22 Frederick York Powell to Beard, 12 January 1901; to MrsWilson, Marriot, 15 03 1901, in Elton, , Powell, 1, 314Google Scholar. A copy of Powell's letter of recommendation, 12 June 1899, is attached to Beard to Turner, 24 April 1903.

23 Beard, , The Economic Basis of Politics, 2nd ed. (New York, 1934), p. iiGoogle Scholar; Beard, , “Go Easy on the Professors” (letter), New Republic, 17 08 1921, p. 328Google Scholar.

24 Elton, , Powell, 2, 1, 35, 85Google Scholar, Wilkins, Burleigh T., “Frederick York Powell and Charles A. Beard: A Study in Anglo-American Historiography and Social Thought” American Quarterly 11 (Spring 1959), 21–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar, gives a fuller analysis of Powell's views on history and historical writing. Re Green's broadened view of past: Green, John Richard, A Short History of the English People, Everyman's Library ed., 2 vols. (London, 1960), 1, xi–xiiGoogle Scholar; the significance of his work: Gooch, G. P., History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century 2d ed. (London, 1952), pp. 329–34Google Scholar; its assignment in Beard's DePauw English history course: Fifty-Eighth Year-Book of DePauw University for the Year 1895–96 (Greencastle, Ind., 1896), pp. 41–42Google Scholar.

25 Beard to Macmillan & Co., 9 January 1903, Beard file, Macmillan Company Records. After his return to the United States, Beard made what appears to have been some rather hurried revisions and successfully submitted the manuscript as his Ph.D. dissertation at Columbia University. Quotations from Beard, , The Office of Justice of the Peace In Its Origin and Development, Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, vol. 20, no. 1 (New York, 1904), pp. 5–6, 11–12, 16, 100Google Scholar.

26 Elton, , Powell, 2, 1–3, 35, 85, 87, 334, 338, 340Google Scholar.

27 DePauw Palladium, 25 October 1898.

28 Thomas W. Nadal to Phillips, 29 July 1957; Orin DeMotte Walker to Phillips, [22 August 1957] Floyd B. Newby to Phillips, 10, 18 September 1957; Mrs William Wirt Lockwood to Phillips, 18 October 1957. Phillips Collection.

29 Greencastle (Indiana) Daily Banner Times, 19 June, 10, 18 July, 5, 13 August 1896; Herring, Hubert, “Charles A. Beard: Free Lance Among the Historians,” Harper's Magazine 178 (05 1939), 642Google Scholar; Goldman, “Origins,” p. 235. Re the Chicago and Hull House milieu at the time, see Soderbergh, Peter A., “Charles A. Beard in Chicago, 1896,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 63 (Summer 1970), 117–31Google Scholar.

30 For Weaver's teaching methods, approach, and reading assignments, see: Weaver, James R., Syllabus of Course II, Dep't of Political Science, on Sociology and Its Applications (Terre Haute, 1894)Google Scholar; Weaver, , Syllabus of Course III, Dep't of Political Science, on Socialism and Reform (Terre Haute, Ind., 1896), esp. pp. 33, 35, 39Google Scholar; and Weaver to Richard T. Ely, 1 January 1891, copies in Weaver Collection, D.C. #59, DePauw University Archives. Curti, Merle, “A Great Teacher's Teacher,” Social Education 13 (10 1949): 263–66, 274Google Scholar, is an appreciative sketch. On his having his students read Marx: Mary R. Beard to Curti, 6 November 1949, 13 October 1950, Curti Papers.

31 Beard, , “ The Story of a Race,” DePauw University Palladium, 18 04 1898Google Scholar.

32 Beard, , “What Is Worth While in Education?”, Young Oxford 1 (12 1899): 16Google Scholar.

33 The fullest biographical account is Phillips, Harlan B., “Walter Vrooman: Restless Child of Progress,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1954Google Scholar, while Paulson, Ross E., Radicalism & Reform: The Vrooman Family and American Social Thought, 1837–1937 (Lexington, Ky., 1968)Google Scholar, is an excellent composite family portrait. Quotation from Paulson, p. 52.

34 Phillips, Harlan B., “Charles Beard, Walter Vrooman, and the Founding of Ruskin Hall,” South Atlantic Quarterly 50 (04 1951): 186–87Google Scholar; Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” pp. 278–79; “A Labour College for Oxford” (c. January 1899); Oxford Chronicle, 14 January 1899; Oxford Times, 25 February 1899, clippings, Ruskin College Archives.

35 Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” pp. 279–80. Mary R. Beard to Curti, 26 May 1949, 13 October 1950; to Eric Goldman, 16 May 1952 (copy), Curti Papers. “A Labour College for Oxford,” clipping, Ruskin College Archives.

36 DePauw Palladium, 14 February 1898; Beard, , “Ruskin and the Babble of Tongues,” New Republic, 5 08 1936, pp. 371–72Google Scholar.

37 For Ruskin's influences on Hobson, see: Freeden, Michael, The New Liberalism; An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, 1978), pp. 100–02Google Scholar; for Hobson's role in populariizing Ruskin among turn-of-the-century British social reformers and radicals: Dodd, L. T. and Dale, J. A., “The Ruskin Hall Movement,” Fortnightly Review, new ser., 67 [old ser., 73] (1 02 1900): 325Google Scholar.

38 E. Bruce Forrest to Elvin, 11 October 1948; The Clarion, 17 December 1898, 14 January 1899; Manchester Guardian, 9 December 1898; Rossendale Echo, 11 January 1898 [1899]; “Ruskin Hall, Oxford. The College of the People,” Labour Annual, 1899Google Scholar; “A Labour College for Oxford”; “Labour College at Oxford”; Oxford Chronicle, 14 January 1899; The Labour Leader, 14, 28 January 1899; Oxford Times, 25 February 1899, clippings, Ruskin College Archives. Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” pp. 280–83; Phillips, “Founding of Ruskin Hall,” pp. 187–89; Beard, “Ruskin and the Babble of Tongues,” p. 372. Walter Vrooman himself privately ascribed to Beard's “zeal and abilities” major responsibility for the successful launching of Ruskin Hall: Vrooman, Frank B., The New Politics (New York, 1911), p. 7Google Scholar.

39 The Labour Leader, 15 April 1899, clipping, Ruskin College Archives.

40 Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” pp. 280–83. The Clarion, 17 December 1898; Oxford Review, 11 January 1899; Oxford Times, 25 February 1899; Oxford Chronicle, 18, 25 February 1899, clippings; Bertram Wilson, “Statement … December 22nd, 1908,” p. 1 (typescript), Ruskin College Archives. Dodd and Dale, “Ruskin Hall Movement,” p. 328; The Story of Ruskin College 1899–1949 (Oxford, 1949), pp. 4–9, 11–12Google Scholar; Yorke, Paul, Education and the Working Class: Ruskin College 1899–1909, Ruskin Students Labour History Pamphlets, no. 1 (Oxford, 1977), pp. 1–11Google Scholar.

41 The Opening of Ruskin Hall, Oxford, England ([Oxford, 1899]), pp. 4–5Google Scholar (pamphlet), Ruskin College Archives. For the comment on Beard's talk, Forrest to Elvin, 11 October 1948.

42 Dodd and Dale, “Ruskin Hall Movement,” p. 334; Story of Ruskin College, pp. 3, 14–17; Yorke, , Education and the Working Class, pp. 3, 28–37Google Scholar. The question of the Hall's nonpartisanship, and the corollary, its educational philosophy, led to a spirited debate in the pages of the unofficial journal of the movement, Young Oxford 2 (12 1900): 87–89Google Scholar, (January 1901): 149–51, (February 1901): 157–61, March 1901): 195–200, (April 1901): 233–37, (May 1901): 271–76, (June 1901): 309–11. The continuing divisions on these issues – aggravated by personality clashes among the faculty – led to a student revolt and secession from the institution in 1909.

43 Vrooman, Walter, Government Ownership in Production and Distribution … (Baltimore, 1895), p. 10Google Scholar.

44 “A Labour College for Oxford,” clipping, Ruskin College Archives.

45 Beard, “What Is Worth While in Education?”, p. 16.

46 “Social Movements of the Day,” clipping, Ruskin College Archives.

47 Beard, , “Ruskin Hall and Temperance Reform,” Young Oxford 2 (03 1901), 221Google Scholar.

48 The Clarion, 17 December 1898, clipping, Ruskin Hall Archives; Dodd and Dale, “Ruskin Hall Movement,” pp. 328–29.

49 The Opening of Ruskin Hall, p. 6.

50 Macclesfield Times, 12 October 1900, clipping, DePauw Beard microfilm; Beard, , The Industrial Revolution (London, 1901), p. 90Google Scholar.

51 Minutes of the General Assembly of the Students of Ruskin Hall, 17 April 1899, Ruskin College Archives.

52 Wilson, “Statement,” pp. 2–3.

53 Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” p. 283. His detailed instructions for the students taking correspondence courses are in Beard, , “Self-Education,” Young Oxford 1 (10 1899), 17–18Google Scholar.

54 Oxford Chronicle, 18 February 1899; St. Louis Republic, 23 April 1899, clippings, Ruskin College Archives. Young Oxford 1 (12 1899), 5–6Google Scholar. Yorke, , Education and the Working Class, pp. 12–18Google Scholar.

55 “Ruskin Hall. Birmingham Auxiliary” and Northampton Daily Reporter, 16 03 1899Google Scholar, clippings; “A Chapter of Manchester History,” Ruskin Hall News and Students' Magazine 1 (12 1899), 11–12Google Scholar. Ruskin College Archives.

56 “Our Portrait Gallery. Mr. Chas. A. Beard, Co-Founder of Ruskin Hall,” in Bertram Wilson, “Ruskin Hall, Oxford. Portfolio of Blocks etc. Book No. 1,” Ruskin College Archives.

57 Edward Bemis to Richard T. Ely, 11 August 1899, Ely Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

58 Newby to Phillips, 8 September 1957, Phillips Collection.

59 DePauw Palladium, 16 October 1899, clipping folder 10, DePauw Beard Collection; copy of Beard's Cornell University transcript, in possession of his daughter, Mrs. Alfred Vagts, Sherman, Conn.; Cornell University Register 1899–1900 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1900), p. 344Google Scholar; Beard, “Short Account of My Work.”

60 Copy of recommendation from Tyler, 29 January 1900, attached to Beard to Turner, 24 April 1903.

61 Beard to Moses Coit Tyler, 26 January 1900, Tyler Papers, Cornell University Library.

62 DePauw Palladium, 12 March 1900, clipping, folder 10, Beard Collection, DePauw University Archives.

63 Young Oxford 1 (04 1900), 26, (04 1900), 30–31Google Scholar.

64 Young Oxford 1 (04 1900), 5Google Scholar.

65 “Ruskin Hall Developments,” Ruskin Hall News and Students' Magazine 1 (10 1900), 161Google Scholar.

66 Young Oxford 2 (02 1901), 194Google Scholar; 3 (October 1901), 37, (February 1902), 195.

67 Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” pp. 283–84; Beard, Mary R., The Making of Charles Beard: An Interpretation (New York, 1955), pp. 19–20Google Scholar. Young Oxford 1 (06 1900), 38–39Google Scholar, (July 1900). 39–49; 2 (October 1900), 37, (November 1900), 78–79, (January 1901), 154. Minute Book of the Faculty of Ruskin Hall, 1899–1903, p. 141, Ruskin College Archives.

68 Young Oxford 2 (11 1900), 78Google Scholar, (January 1901), 155; 3 (July 1901), 373.

69 Young Oxford 3 (04 1901), 279Google Scholar. A copy of one of the volumes with this inscription – Dunckley, Henry, ed., Bamford's Passages in the Life of a Radical and Early Days, 2 vols. (London, 1893)Google Scholar – remains in the possession of Mrs. Vagts.

70 Young Oxford 1 (08 1900), 38Google Scholar, (September 1900), 33; 2 (May 1901), 306–07. Minutes, Meeting of the Faculty of Ruskin Hall, 21 March, 11 April 1906; Minutes, Meeting of the General Council of Ruskin Hall, 19 March 1901, Ruskin College Archives.

71 Beard, “Ruskin and the Babble of Tongues,” p. 372; Herring, “Beard,” p. 643; Time Magazine, 21 08 1944, p. 98Google Scholar. Mary R. Beard to Marjorie White, 17 October [1946], to Dora Edinger, 4 December 1949 (copy), White Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College; Mitchell, David, The Fighting pankhursts: A Study in Tenacity (New York, 1967), p. 305Google Scholar.

72 Beard, , The Industrial Revolution, pp. 3, 47, 68–69, 77, 81, [106]Google Scholar; The Industrial Revolution, 2nd ed. (London, 1902), pp. xvi–xixGoogle Scholar. See also the following articles in Young Oxford: Beard, “Men Who Have Helped Us. I. William Cobbett, Friend of Man” 2 (February 1901), 171–74; [Beard], “Men Who Have Helped Us. II. Robert Owen,” 2 (March 1901), 206–09; [Beard], “Men Who Have Helped Us. III. Thomas Carlyle,” 2 (April 1901), 246–48; [Beard], “Men Who Have Helped Us. IV. William Morris,” 2 (May 1901), 290–93; [Beard], “Men Who Have Helped Us. VI. Mazzini,” 2 (July 1901), 358–60. Re these articles, see Phillips, Harlan B., “Charles Beard: The English Lectures, 1899–1901,” Journal of the History of Ideas 14 (06 1953). 451–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

73 Dodd and Dale, “Ruskin Hall Movement,” pp. 329. Re Rogers's historiographical significance, see Thompson, James Westfall, A History of Historical Writing, reprint ed., 2 vols. (Gloucester, Mass., 1967), 2, 429–31Google Scholar, and Schmunk, “Beard,” pp. 82–83.

74 Beard, “Ruskin Hall and Temperance Reform,” p. 221.

75 Beard, “William Cobbett,” p. 172.

76 Beard, , “Co-operation and the New Century,” Young Oxford 2 (12 1900), 96–97Google Scholar.

77 See, on this point, the perceptive observations in Semmel, Bernard, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895–1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960)Google Scholar.

78 Beard to Arthur M. Schlesinger, 7 April 1946, Schlesinger Papers, Harvard University Archives.

79 Beard, , “A Living Empire. I,” Young Oxford 3 (10 1901), 25Google Scholar.

80 Beard, , “A Living Empire. II,” Young Oxford 3 (11 1901), 39–43Google Scholar.

81 See, for example. Macclesfield Times, 28 September 1900, clipping, DePauw Beard microfilm.

82 [Beard, ], “Men Who Have Helped Us. VII. Charles Darwin,” Young Oxford 2 (09 1901): 439Google Scholar.

83 Beard, , “Lessons from Science,” Young Oxford 2 (06 1901), 338–41Google Scholar.

84 “Our Portrait Gallery: Mr. Chas. A. Beard…,” Young Oxford 2 (03 1901), 232Google Scholar.

85 John U. Nef to Morris Phillipson, 31 March 1960, Nef Papers, University of Chicago Library.

86 Young Oxford 3 (01 1902), 150Google Scholar, (April 1902), 263.

87 Toynbee, Arnold, The Industrial Revolution, Beacon Press paperback ed. (Boston, 1956), pp. 30–31, 59–60, 124–25Google Scholar (re his limited reformism), 44–45, 75 (re his romanticization of pre-industrial society). For biographical data on Toynbee, see Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols. (London, 1937–1938), 19, 1063–65Google Scholar.

88 Beard, , The Industrial Revolution, pp. 2, 24, 43, 47–48, 52–53, 56–58, 79–80, 90, 99Google Scholar; The Industrial Revolution, 2d ed., p. xix.

89 Minutes, Meeting of the Faculty, 16 August 1902; Minutes, Meeting of the Council, 16 [18?] November 1902, Ruskin College Archives.

90 Knightstown (Indiana) Sun, 12 June, 11 September 1902.

91 Wilkins, “Beard on Ruskin Hall,” p. 284.

92 Schmunk, “Beard,” p. 91; Mrs. Vagts to author, 9 September [1976]; Martin, John Bartlow, Indiana: An Interpretation (New York, 1947), p. 281Google Scholar.

93 Beard to H. B. Lees-Smith, 29 August 1901, 2 September [1901], copies in Minute Book of the Faculty of Ruskin Hall, 1899–1903, pp. 195, 197, 199, 201, 207, 209, 211, 213, Ruskin College Archives.

94 Beard, , “An Ideal Labour College,” Young Oxford 3 (12 1901), 79–81Google Scholar.

95 Phillips, “Walter Vrooman,” p. 213; Paulson, , Radicalism & Reform, pp. 153–58Google Scholar. “The Establishment of Ruskin Hall,” Young Oxford 1 (04 1901), 5–6Google Scholar; Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ruskin College Incorporated. Registered the 11th day of 06 1900, copy in Ruskin College Archives.

96 Minutes, Meeting of the Faculty, 6, 11, 12 September, 13 December 1901, Ruskin College Archives.

97 Beard to Lees-Smith, 29 August 1901. For Alcock's assisting Beard in the extension work: Young Oxford 3 (10 1901), 37Google Scholar, (January 1902), 157.

98 Minutes, Meeting of the Faculty, 5 October 1899, 26, 29 May 1900, 11 September, 13 December 1901, Ruskin College Archives.

99 Beard to Alfred J. Hacking, 7 December 1901, copy in Minute Book of the Faculty of Ruskin Hall, 1899–1903, pp. 233, 235, Ruskin College Archives.

100 Beard to Lees-Smith, 29 August 1901, 2 September [1901].

101 Joint Committee of University and Working Class Representatives, Oxford and Working-class Education … (Oxford, 1908)Google Scholar. For fuller details, see: Stocks, Mary, The Workers' Educational Association: The First Fifty Years (London, 1953), pp. 37–47Google Scholar

102 Beard to Nicholas Murray Butler, 17 January 1909, Beard file, Office of the Secretary, Columbia University.

103 Harrison, J. F. C., A History of the Working Men's College 1854–1954 (London, 1954)Google Scholar.

104 Laski, Harold J., “Charles Beard: An English View,” in Beale, , Beard, p. 16Google Scholar; Manchester Guardian, 21 May 1949, clipping, DePauw Beard microfilm.

105 Elvin to Beard, 30 October 1947, 21 January 1948, DePauw Beard microfilm.

106 Beard to Fannia Cohn, 26 July 1922, Cohn Papers, New York Public Library.

107 Mary R. Beard to Curti, 2 December 1947, Curti Papers.

108 Herring, “Beard,” p. 647.

109 Becker, Carl L., review of Beard's Cross Currents in Europe To-Day, Nation, 22 11 1922, p. 553Google Scholar.