¹ For the extreme dearth of the Sudanese material, see Crawford, O. G. S., The Fung Kingdom of Sennar, 340–3. Of the sources there mentioned, the ‘Fung Chronicle’ has been published byGoogle ScholarShibaika, Makki under the title Ta'rīkh Muluk al-Sūdān (Khartoum, 1974). The Tabaqāt wad Daif Allāh has been published, in two separate versions, by Sulaimān Dā'ūd Mandil and by Ibrāhim Sādiq (both Cairo, 1930.) In addition to the two Fung land-charters mentioned as having been published byGoogle ScholarArkell, (Arkell, A. J., ‘Fung Origins’, S[udan] N[otes and] R[ecords], XV, 2 (1932), 248–50), a few others have since been published byGoogle ScholarNur, Sadik (Sādiq al-Nūr): ‘Land Tenure in the Time of the Fung’, Kush, IV (1956), 48–53.Google Scholar

² Most of this work has in fact been done by economists (R. H. B.Condie, Sa'd al-Din Fawzi, Stone, J., ‘Umar Muhammad ‘Uthma); geographers (K. M. Barbour, Hasan I⋅rāhim Hasan, ‘I⋅āmAhmad Hassūn); or sociologists (C. W. Beer, Mrs G. M. Culwick). Cf. infra pp. 446–9.Google Scholar

³ Shibaika, Makki, Al-Sūdān fi Qarn: 1819–1919 (Cairo, 1366/1947). Current (third) edition (Cairo, 1376/1957).Google Scholar

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⁶ Sabry, Mohammed (Sabri, Muhammad), Le Soudan égyptien, 1821–1898 (Cairo, 1947). The same author'sGoogle ScholarAl-Imbrātūriya al-Sūdāniya fi-l-Qarn al-tāsi' ‘ashar (The Sudanese Empire in the Nineteenth Century) (Cairo, 1949), covers much the same ground.Google Scholar

⁷ Cf. Hill, R. L., Egypt in the Sudan, 174.Google Scholar

⁸ In a symposium entitled The Unity of the Nile Valley: its Geographical Basis and its Manifestations in History, edited by Ammar, Abbas (‘Abbas ‘Ammār) (Cairo, 1947).Google Scholar

⁹ Shukri, Muhammad Fu'ād: Misr wa-l-Siyāda ‘ala al-Sūdān (Cairo, 1946);Google ScholarMisr wa-l-Sūdān, Ta'rikh Wahda Wādi al-Nil al-siyāsiyafi-l-Qarn al-Tāsi’ ‘ashar (Cairo, 1958).Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Shukri, Mubammad Fu'ād, Ghurdūn fi-l-Khartūm, 1884–1885 (Cairo, 1951). (An English version was published simultaneously.)Google Scholar

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²⁵ Hill, R. L., ‘An Unpublished Itinerary to Kordofan, 1824–1825’, SNR, xxix, I 1948), 58–70; ‘An Unpublished Fragment of a Manuscript concerning Events in the Sudan, 1843–1848’,Google Scholaribid. xxxvi, 2 (1955), 112–22; ‘An Unpublished Chronicle of the Sudan, 1822–1841’, ibid. xxxvii (1956), 2–19, xxxvIII (1957), 130–46.

²⁶ SNR, XL (1959), 101–6.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Shuqair, Na'um, Ta'rikh al-Sūdān al-qadim wa-l-hadith wa Jughrafīyatuhu (The Ancient and Modern History, and the Geography, of the Sudan) (Cairo, n.d. [1903]).Google Scholar

²⁹ E.g. Jackson, H. C., Osman Digna (i.e., ‘Uthmān abū Bakr Diqna) (London, 1926);Google ScholarReid, J., ‘The Story of a Mahdist Amir’ (sc. ‘Isā wad al-Zain), SNR, ix, 2 (1926), 79–82;Google Scholar A. R. C. Bolton, ‘El Menna Ismail, Fiki and Emir in Kordofan’, ibid. xvii, 2 (1934), 229–41; R. Salmon, ‘The Story of Sheikh Abdallahi Ahmed Abu Gelaha, a Sudanese Vicar of Bray’, ibid. xxi, I (1938), 79–103; G. R. F. Bredin, ‘The Life-Story of Yuzbashi ‘Abdullah Adlan’ (recorded in 1933), ibid. xII (1961), 37–52.

³⁰ Theobald, A. B., The Mahdiya, A History of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1881–1899 (London, 1951).Google Scholar

³¹ SNR, xxxI, 2 (1950), 254–73.Google Scholar

³² al-Rāfi'i, Abd al-Rabmān, Mi⋅cr wa-l-Sūdān fi awā'il ‘Ahd al-Ihtilāl (Egypt and the Sudan at the Beginning of the Occupation Era) (Cairo, 1942).Google Scholar

³³ al-Bakri, Tawfiq Abmad, Mahdi Allah (Cairo, 1944).Google Scholaral-Sarrāj, Mubammad, Shaq¯'iq al-Nu'mdn fi Haydt al-Mahdi (Life of the Mahdi: ‘Shaqaā'iQ al-Nu'man’ is an untranslatable piece of literary decoration) (Cairo, 1947). ‘Ubaid ‘Abd al-Nūr, AlThā'ir al-awwal, Mihammad Ahmad al-Mahdi (The First Revolutionary…) (Khartoum, 1958).Google Scholar

³⁴ Holt, P. M.. The Mahdist State in the Sudan, 1881–1898: A Study of its Origins, Development and Overthrow (Oxford, 1958).Google Scholar

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³⁶ ibid. XL (1959), 107–12.

³⁷ History Today, VIII, 3 (1958), 187–95.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Holt, P. M., A Calendar of the Correspondence of the Khalfa Abduliahi and Mahmoud Ahmed (Khartoum, 1955). (Date of publication misprinted ‘1950’.)Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Holt, P. M., ‘The Sudanese Mahdia and the Outside World, 188 1–9’, Bull. S.O.A.S., xxI (1958), 276–90.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Sanderson, G. N., ‘“Emir Suleyman ibn IngerAbdullah”: An Episode in the Anglo- French Conflict on the Upper Nile, 1896–1898’, SNR, xxxv, I (1954), 22–74;Google Scholar‘Contributions from African Sources to the History of European Competition in the Upper Valley of the Nile’, J[ournal of] A[frican] H[istory] III, I (1962), 69–90.Google Scholar

⁴² Nur, S. M. (Nūr, Sālih Mubammad), The Memoirs of Yūsuf Mikhā'il (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1962).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ By candidates for the Degree, M.A. in History of the University of Khartoum.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Shibeika, Mekki (Shibaika, Makki), British Policy in the Sudan, 1882–1902 (London, 1952).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Shibeika, Mekki, The Independent Sudan, The History of a Nation (New York, 1959).Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Bey', Tewfik (i.e., Mubammad Tawfiq al-Mi⋅ri), SNR, xxxv, I (1954), 132–8.Google ScholarWilson, B. T., ‘A Forgotten Battle: El Obeid 1883’, The Royal Engineers' Journal, LXVI I (1953), 11–15.Google ScholarMontague-Stuart-Wortley, E. J., ‘My Reminiscences of Egypt and the Sudan’, SNR, xxxIv, I 2 (1953), 17–46, 172–88.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Magnus, P., Kitchener, Portrait of an Imperialist (London, 1958).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Sanderson, G. N., ‘Contributions from African Sources…’', JA H, Ut supra.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Sanderson, G. N., Anglo-French Competition for the Control of the Upper Basin of the Nile, 1890–99: its Development, and Resolution in the Fashoda Crisis (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1959).Google Scholar

⁵² SNR, XL (1959), 79–100.Google Scholar

⁵³ Sanderson, G. N., ‘The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 and the Upper Nile’, E[nglish] H[istorical] R[eview], LXXVIII, 306 (01., 1963), 49–72;Google Scholar‘England, Italy, the Nile Valley and the European Balance, 1890-–91’, The Historical Journal, vII (1964)–in the press.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Taylor, A. J. P., ‘Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894–1895”, EHR, LXV, 254 (01, 1950), 52–80; Essay ‘Fashoda’ in From Napoleon to Stalin: Comments European History (London, 1950).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁵⁶ Gillard, D. R., ‘Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890’, EHR, LXXV, 297 (10, 1960), 631.53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁷ Langer, W. L., chapters on ‘The Struggle for the Nile’, in The Diplomacy of Imperialum, 1890–1902 (New York, 1935).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Zaghi, C., ‘La Conquista di Casala’, Nuova Antologia (Oct., 1934), 601–12;Google Scholar‘La Conferenza di Napoli tra l'Italia e l'Inghilterra e la Questione di Casala’, Rassegna di Politica Internazionale, III (1936), 661–9;Google Scholar ‘I Protocolli italo-britannici del 1891 e la Guerra contro i Dervisci’, ibid. IV (1937), 936–47; ‘Il Problems di Casala e l'Italia: le Trattative italo-britanniche del 1890 alls luce del Carteggio Dal Verme—Crispi’, Storia e Politica Internazionale (1940), 2, 412–65.

⁵⁹ Hornik, M. P., Der Kampf der Grossmächte urn den Oberlauf des Nil (Vienna, n.d. 1939);Google Scholar‘The Anglo-Belgian Agreement of iz May 1894’, EHR, LVII, 226 (04, 1942), 227–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁰ Lotar, L., La Grande Chromque du Bomu (Brussels, 1940); La Grande Chronique de l' Uele (Brussels, 1946).Google ScholarStengers, J., ‘La Premiere Tentative de Reprise du Congo par Ia Belgique”, Bulletin de Ia SociétÉ Royale Beige de GÉographie, LXIII (1949), 43–122;Google Scholar‘Rapport sur les Dossiers relatifs aux territoires cédés a bail’, Bulletin de i'Institut Royal Colonial Beige, XXIV, 2 (1953), 576–82;Google Scholar‘Rapport sur le Dossier “Léopold Il—Strauch”’Google Scholar, ibid. XXIV, 4 (1953), 1193–1209. Sanderson, G. N., ‘Leopold II and the Nile Valley, i880–1906”, Proceedings of the Sudan Historical Society, 1, 7 (1955), 1–68.Google ScholarCollins, R. O., ‘Anglo–Congolese Negotiations, 1900–1906”, Zaire, xii, 5, 6 (1958), 479–512, 619–54.Google ScholarJentgen, P., Les Frontire.c du Congo Beige (Brussels, 1952).Google Scholar

⁶¹ Vergniol, C., ‘Fachoda: Les Origines de Ia Mission Marchand’, La Revue de France (Aug., Sept. 1936), 316–34, 630–45, 112–28.Google ScholarRenouvin, P., ‘Lea Origines de l'Expédition de Fachoda’, Revue Historique, cc, 408 (1948), 180–97.Google ScholarFaure, J.-C., ‘Fachoda 1898’, Revue d'Histoire Dipiornatique, LXIX (1955), 29–39.Google ScholarStengers, J., ‘Aux Origines de Fachoda; L'Expédition Monteil’, Revue Beige de Philoiogie et d'Histoire, XXXVI (1958), 436–50; XXXVII (1960), 306–404, 1040–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶² Gen. [A- E- A.] Baratier, , Souvenirs de Ia Mission Marchand: Fachoda (Paris, 1941).Google ScholarDelebecque, J., Vie du GÉnéral Marchand (Paris, 1936).Google ScholarTreves, P., Il Dramma di Fascioda: Francia e Inghilterra sul Alto Nib (Milan, 1937).Google Scholar

⁶³ Kennedy, A. L., ‘Fashoda’, The Quarterly Review, CCLXXXVI, 576 (04, 1948), 145–61.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Robinson, R. and Gallagher, J., Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1961).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ F.g., the controversy between A. Pershits and S. R. Smimov on whether pre-Mahdia Arab society in the Sudan was ‘primitive’ or ‘feudal’. My knowledge of these writings is derived entirely from Bolton's, A. R. C. analysis: Soviet Middle East Studies: Part VII, The Sudan (London, [Royal Institute of International Affairs], 1959).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Smirnov has been chosen because he seems to be a genuine historian (i.e., not an economist, ethnographer or geographer), and to have—unlike some of his non-historian colleagues—a competent factual grasp of modem Sudanese history. His most important works appear to be: Vosstaniye Makhdistov v Sudane (The Mahdist Rising in the Sudan) (Moscow, 1950); and ‘The Formation and Ways of Development of a Northern Sudanese People’, in the symposium Afrikanskiy Ethnograficheskiy Sbornik (Moscow, 1956).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ He states, in a paper in the symposium Narody Afrika (The Peoples of Africa) (Moscow, 1954), that Sudanese resistance to British rule began with a ‘Club of Educated Persons’ ‘formed in 1918 when the October Revolution was giving an impetus to the independence movement in colonies’. The fact that this club had as its first President the (British) Warden of Gordon Memorial College suggests a less revolutionary origin and outlook. There are also some strange remarks about the Shilluk and Nuer, under the early Condominium, ‘[binding] themselves by contract to private firms, steamer companies and state enterprises’. (Citations from Bolton, op. cit., 12.)Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Some recent examples are: El Erian, A. A. (‘Abdallah … al.’Iryan), Condominium and Related Situations in International Law, with special reference to… the Sudan (Cairo, 1952);Google ScholarBarawy, Rashed El (Rashid al-Baraw), Egypt, Britain and the Sudan (Cairo, 1952);Google ScholarPlášilova, V. M., Le Soudan darn le Différend anglo-égyptien (Paris, n.d. [1954]);Google ScholarMoussa, Farag (Farrāj Mūsā), Les Négociations anglo-égyptiennes de 1950–51 sur Suez et le Soudan: Essai de Critique historique (Geneva, 1955). (The works of Makkī 'Abbās and L. A. Fabunmi are noticed separately.)Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Samples of opponents: Muhhammad, ‘Abd al-Bāri, Masāwi’ al-Isti'mār fi wādi al-Nil (Tragedies of Imperialism in the Nile Valley) (Cairo, 1947);Google ScholarTambal, Hamza Abd al-Malik, Al-Injliz fi-l-Sūdān (The English in the Sudan) (Cairo, 1948). Supporters (other than British officials, noted separately),Google ScholarNigumi, M. A. (Nujūmī), A Great Trusteeship (London, 1957). (The author is a Sudanese, residing in Nigeria.)Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Jackson, H. C., Sudan Days and Ways (London, 1954);Google ScholarThe Fighting Sudanese (London, 1954); Behind the Modern Sudan (London, 1956).Google ScholarBeveridge, C. E. G., Allah Laughed (Melbourne, n.d. [1950]).Google ScholarBousfield, L., Sudan Doctor (London, 1954).Google ScholarDavies, R., The Camel's Back: Service in the Rural Sudan (London, 1957).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Abbas, Mekki (Makki 'Abbās), The Sudan Question: The Dispute over the Anglo- Egyptian Condominium 1884–1951 (London, 1952).Google ScholarFabunmi, L. A., The Sudan in Anglo- Egyptian Relations: A Case Study in Power Politics (London, 1960).Google Scholar

⁷² MacMichael, H. A., The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (London, 1934);Google ScholarThe Sudan (London, 1954).Google ScholarDuncan, J. S. R., The Sudan: A Record of Achievement (Edinburgh, 1952); The Sudan's Path to Independence (Edinburgh, 1957).Google Scholar

⁷³ Henderson, K. D. D., Survey of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1944 (London, 1946).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ The Sudan: A Record of Progress, 1898–1947 (Khartoum, S[udan] G[overnment], n.d. [1948]).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Wingate, F. R., Governor-General 1899–1916. H. A. MacMichael, Deputy Civil Secretary 1918–34. D. Newbold, Civil Secretary 1939–1945.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Wingate, R. E. L., Wingate of the Sudan: The Life and Times of General Sir Reginald Wingate, Maker of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (London, 1955).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ By a Sudanese candidate for the Ph.D. degree of the University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Henderson, K. D. D., The Making of the Modern Sudan: The Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold (London, 1953).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Gaitskell, A., Gezira: A story of Development in the Sudan (London, 1959).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Marshall, A. H., Report on Local Government in the Sudan (Khartoum [S.G.], 1949).Google ScholarBranney, L., ‘Local Government in the Sudan’, African Administration I, 4 (1950).Google Scholar‘Local Government in the Sudan’ in Local Government and the Colonies, ed Hinden, R. (London, 1950).Google ScholarAbbas, Mekki (Makki 'Abbas), ‘Local Government in the Sudan’, Public Administration, xxviii (1950), 55–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarBuchanan, L. M., ‘Local Government in the Sudan since 1947’, J[ournal of] Afr[ican] Adm[inistration], v, 4 (1953), 152–8. Earlier than any of these, however, wasGoogle ScholarMahjūb's, Muhammad AhxnadAl-Hakūma al-maialīya fi-l-Sūdān (Local Government in the Sudan) (Cairo, 1945).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Sālib, Qalūbāwī Muhammad, Murshid Majlis Rīfī al-Shukriya Rufā'a (Guide to the Shukrīya Rufa'a Rural Council) (Khartoum, 1959).Google Scholar

⁸² Squires, H. C., The Sudan Medical Service, an Experiment in Social Medicine (London, 1958).Google ScholarKendall, E. M., ‘A Short History of the Training of Midwives in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxiii, I (1952), 42–53.Google Scholar

⁸³ Griffiths, V. L., An Experiment in Education: An Account of the Attempts to improve the lower stages of Boys' Education in the Moslem Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (London, 1953).Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Sanderson, L. M., A History of Education in the Sudan, with special reference to Girls' Schools (unpublished London M.A. thesis, 1962).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ SNR, XLII (1961), 91–101.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Sanderson, L. M., ‘Educational Development and Administrative Control in the Nuba Mountains Region of the Sudan’, JAH, iv, 2 (1963), 233–47.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Bādri, Bābikr, Ta'rikh Hayāti (The Story of My Life), 3 vols. (Khartoum, 1961).Google Scholar

⁸⁸ al-Majid, ‘Abd al-’Aziz Amin 'Abd, Al-Tarbīya fl-I-Sūdān, 3 vols. (Cairo, 1949);Google ScholarBowman, H. E., Middle East Window (London, n. d. [1942]).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Al-Sūdān ft Qarn, 137. (The term ‘Governor-General’ is used for convenience; the precise title varied from time to time.)Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Hill, R. L., ‘Rulers of the Sudan, 1820–1885’, SNR, xxxii, i (1951), 85–95.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Cf. Holt, P. M., ‘The Archives of the Mahdia’; letter to the Editor in SNR, xxxiii, 1-(1952), 182–5. The numismatic history of the Mahdia, which has important economic implications, has been studied byGoogle ScholarJob, H. S. and Arkell, A. J. (Job, H. S., ‘The Coinage of the Mahdi and the Khalifa’, SNR, 111, 3 (1920), 163–96, VII, 2 (1924), 124–7;Google Scholar A. J. Arkell, ‘Forged Mahdi Pounds’, ibid. xxvi, 1, (1945), 43–9).

⁹² E.g., The Khor 'Atshān Scheme, the Mechanical Crop Production Scheme at Ghadambaliya near Gedaref, the Zande Scheme.Google Scholar

⁹³ Hurst, H. E., The Nile: A General Account of the River and the Utilization of its Waters (London, 1952).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Hassan, H. I. (Hasan Ibrāhīm Uasan), The Waters of the Nile (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1958).Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Farran, C. d'O., ‘The Nile Waters Question in International Law, SNR, XLI (1960), 88–100;Google Scholar‘The Nile Waters Agreements’, Annuaire de l' Association des Auditeurs et Anciens Auditeurs de l'Académie de Droit International de La Haye, XXXI (1961), 74–80.Google ScholarPompe, C. A., The Nile Waters Question (The Hague, 1958).Google ScholarBatstone, R. K., ‘Utilisation of the Nile Waters’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, VIII (1959).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Stone, J., The Finance of Government Economic Development in the Sudan, 1899 to 1913 (Khartoum, 1954);Google ScholarSudan Economic Development, 1899 to 1913 (Khartoum, 1955). Both published in duplicated typescript by the Sudan Economic Institute. A copy of the former is in the library of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Oxford.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Kramer, W., Die koloniale Entwicklung des anglo-āgyptischen Sudans (Berlin, 1938).Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Daoud, Girgis (Jirjis 'Abduh Marzūk Dā'ūd), The Sudan's Balance of Payments, 1938–1953 (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1955).Google ScholarCondie, R. H. B., ‘Egypt's Trade with the Sudan’, SNR, xxxvi, I (1955), 57–63;Google Scholar ‘Cotton Exports and Economic Development in the Sudan’, ibid. XXXVII (1956), 70–8.

⁹⁹ Barbour, K. M., Khor al-'Atshdn (Khartoum, 1953).Google ScholarCatford, J. R., ‘The Introduction of Cotton as a Cash-Crop in the Maridi Area of Equatoria’, SNR, xxxiv, 2 153–71.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Barbour, K. M., The Republic of the Sudan, A Regional Geography (London, 1961).Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ The Report of the Census was published in nine parts and a supplement, Khartoum, S. G. (Ministry for Social Affairs), 1956–1957. The best introduction to this material is:Google ScholarKrótki, K. J. and others, The Population of Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1958).Google Scholar

¹⁰² Hassoun, I. A. ('Isām Abmad hassūn), ‘“Western” Migration and Settlement in the Gezira’, SNR, XXXIII, 1 (1952), 60–112.Google ScholarBeer, C. W., ‘The Social and Administrative Effects of large-scale planned Agricultural Development’, J. Afr. Adm., V, 3 (1953), 112–18;Google Scholar ‘Some Further Comments on the Gezira’, Geographical Review, XLIV, 4 (1954), 595–6; ‘Social Development in the Gezira Scheme’, African Affairs, LIV, 214 (1955), 42–51.Google ScholarCulwick, G. M., ‘Problems of Social Survey in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 1 (1954), 110–31;Google Scholar‘Social Change in the Gezira Scheme’, Civilisations (Brussels), v, 2 (1955).Google ScholarBashir, M. O. (Mubammad 'Umar Bashīr), ‘The Gezira Scheme: An Experiment in Socio-economic Planning’, Civilisations, xi, I (1961).Google ScholarHance, W. A., ‘The Gezira Scheme in the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan’, Annals of theAssociation of American Geographers, XLIII, 2 (1953), 171;Google Scholar‘The Gezira: An Example in Development’, Geographical Review, XLIV, 2 (1954), 251–70.Google ScholarVersluys, J. D. N., ‘The Gezira Scheme in the Sudan and the Russian Kolhoz’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, II (1953), 32–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar These papers are merely a selection. A fuller bibliography will be found in Nasri, Abdel Rahman El ('Abd al-Rahmān-al-Nairsrī), A Bibliography of the Sudan 1938–1958 (London, 1962), 2–5.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Wyld, J. W. G., ‘The Zande Scheme’, SNR, xxx, 1 (1949),Google ScholarHance, W. A., ‘The Zande Scheme in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan’, Economic Geography, XXXI, 2 (1955), 149–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarWillimott, S. G. and Anthony, K. R. M., ‘Agricultural Research and Development in the South-West Sudan’, Part I: ‘The Zande Scheme’, Tropical Agriculture, xxxiv (1957), 239–48. Full bibliography, El Nasri, op. Cit. 6.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ There is a brief pamphlet entitled Some Sudan Produce and Secondary Industries in the Sudan (Khartoum [S.G.]), n.d. [1954]). The rest of the meagre bibliography recorded by El Nasri (op. cit. 478) consists mainly of technical descriptions of particular processes or of prognostications for the future.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Osman, O. M. ('Umar Mubammad UthmSn), The Development of Transport and Economic Growth in the Sudan (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1960).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Shibeika, Mekki (Makkī Shibaika), ‘The Influence of Communications on the Past History of the Sudan’, in Transport and Communications in the Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1957).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ al-Jalil, Al-Shāhir Buhailī 'Abd, Ta'rikh al-Muwahala¯t fi Sūdān wādi al-Nil, 2 vols. (Cairo, 1950).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Hill, W. S., ‘River Navigation in the Sudan since 1898’, The Engineer, June 1949, 654–6, 680–3Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Morrice, H. A., ‘The Development of Sudan Communications, Part I’, SNR, xxx, 1 (1949), 1–38.Google ScholarHill, R. L., ‘The Suakin-Berber Railway, 1885’,Google Scholaribid. xxx, 1 (1937), 107–24.

¹¹⁰ Osman, Omer M. ('Umar Mubammad 'Uthmān), ‘Some Economic Aspects of Private Pump Schemes’, SNR, xxxix (1958), 40–8.Google Scholar J. R. Randell, ‘El Gedid—A Blue Nile Gezira Village’, ibid. xxxix, 25–39.

¹¹¹ Wilmington, M. W., ‘Aspects of Moneylending (Shail) in Northern Sudan’, The Middle East Journal, IX (1955), 139–46.Google Scholar

¹¹² Fawzi, Saad Ed Din (Sa'd al-Din Fawzī,) The Labour Movement in the Sudan, 1946–1955 (London, 1957) (Middle Eastern Monographs No. 1). The review byGoogle ScholarMūsā, 'Abd alWabab of this work, SNR, XL (1959), 146–9, contains important substantive material on Sudanese labour history.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Fawzi, Saad Ed Din, ‘Joint Consultation in Sudan Industry: A Critical Analysis of the Attempt to form Works Committees in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 2 (1954), 32–49;Google Scholar ‘The Wage Structure and Wage Policy in the Sudan’, ibid. xxxv, 159–75.

¹¹⁴ Fawzi, Saad Ed Din, The Khartoum Deins: Some Housing Problems (Khartoum, n.d. [1954]);Google Scholar‘Social Aspects of Urban Housing in the Northern Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 1 (1954), 91–109; ‘The Economics of Low-Cost Housing’, Sudan Engineering Society Journal, 1956–1957, 14–17.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Sandison, J., ‘Problems of Low-Cost Housing in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, (1954), 75–90Google Scholar J. W. Kenrick, ‘The Need for Slum Clearance in Omdurman’, ibid. xxxiv, 2 (1953), 281–5. Arthur, A. J. V., ‘Slum Clearance in Khartoum’, J. Afr. Adm., vi, 2 (1954), 73–80.Google ScholarYusef, Abdel Gader ('Abd al-Qādir Yūsuf), ‘A General Review of the Problem of Low-Cost Housing in the Sudan’, Sudan Engineering Society Journal, 1956–1957, 18–20. Full bibliography of this topic, El Nasri, op. Cit. 139–40.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Food and Society in the Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1955).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Richards, G. E., ‘Adult Education among Country Women: an Experiment at Umm Gerr’, SNR, xxix, 2 (1948), 225–7.Google ScholarSpeknan, N. G., ‘Women's Work in the Gezira, Sudan’, Overseas Education, xxvi, 2 (1954), 66–9.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Some of the legal material is now being preserved and classified under the auspices of the University of Khartoum.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Bolton, A. R. C., ‘Land Tenure in Agricultural Land in the Sudan’, in Agriculture in the Sudan, ed. Tothill, J. D. (London, 1948).Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Matthews, J. G., ‘Land Customs and Tenure in Singa District’, SNR, IV, 1 (1921), 1–19.Google Scholar E. Guttmann, ‘Land Tenure among the Azande People of Equatoria Province in the Sudan’, ibid. xxxvii (1956), 48–55.

¹²¹ Holt, P. M., The Mahdist State in the Sudan, 112–16, 242–5; ‘The Archives of the Mahdia’, SNR, ut supra.Google Scholar

¹²² Nur, M. I. El (Muhammad IbrāShim al-Nūr), ‘The Role of the Native Courts in the Administration of Justice in the Sudan’, SNR, XLI (1960), 78–87.Google Scholar

¹²³ Guttmann, E., ‘The Reception of Common Law in the Sudan’, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 07 1957, 401–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarTwining, W. L., ‘Some Aspects of Reception’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1957, 229–52.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Howell, P. P., A Manual of Nuer Law, being an account of Customary Law, its Evolution and Development in the Courts established by the Sudan Government (London, 1954).Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Disney, A. W. M., ‘English Law in the Sudan, 1899–1958’, SNR, XL (1959), 121–3.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Farran, C. d'O., ‘The Relationship between Civil Law, Custom and Shari'a’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1959, 103–11.Google ScholarAtiyah, P. S., ‘Some Problems of Family Law in the Sudan Republic’, SNR, xxxix (1958), 88–100.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Anderson, J. N. D., ‘Recent Developments in Shari'a Law in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxi, 1 (1950), 82–104;Google ScholarIslamic Law in Africa (London, 1954); ‘The Modernisation of Islamic Law in the Sudan’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1960, 292–312.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Trimingham, J.S., Islam in the Sudan (London, 1949).Google Scholar

¹²⁹ E.g., al-Takiya, 'Abd al-Ra'uf Hāmid, Fatratnā al-intaqāliyafi Narar al-Din (Our Transitional Period from the Viewpoint of Religion) (Khartoum, 1949).Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Trimingham, op. cit. esp. 81–104, 126–241.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Tayib, Abdulla El ('Abdallāh al-Tayyib), ‘Changing Customs of the Riverain Sudan’, SNR, xxxvi, 2 (1955), 146–58;Google Scholaribid. xxxvii (1956), 56–69.

¹³² Zenkovsky, S., ‘Marriage Customs in Omdurman’, SNR, xxvi, 2 (1945), 241–55;Google Scholar ‘Customs of the Women of Omdurman’, ibid. xxxvii, 1 (1949), 39–46; ‘Zar and Tambura as practised by the Women of Omdurman, ibid. xxxi, a (1950), 68–81.

¹³³ Rashid, Ihsan ‘Abbas in Al-Kaldm al-Jadid, i’, Amm An (Jordan), 1952.Google Scholar‘Abd alMajid ‘Abdin, Ta'rikh al-Thaqafa al-‘arabiya fi-I-Sudan’ (History of Arabic Culture in the Sudan) (Cairo, 1953) R. L. Hill, Egypt in the Sudan M.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Trimingham, op. cit. 252–68.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Atiyah, E., Black Vanguard (London, 1952).Google Scholar

¹³⁶ This is one of several reasons why government in the Northern Sudan, whatever its formal drganization, can never be really ‘totalitarian’.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ One interesting contemporary question on which such a study would ultimately throw light is the extent to which the traditional Sudanese ‘Establishment’ of distinguished families is recruiting to itself members of the new intellectual and administrative elite, whose family background is often quite unpretentious.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ I am indebted for this insight to my friend Sayed Yüsuf Bedri.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ The Ansar are the ‘neo-Mahdist’ followers of the late Sayid ‘Abd al-Rabman al-Mahdi and his descendants; the Khatmiya (or Mirghaniya) is the tariqa led by descendants of Muhammad ‘Uthman al-Mirghani (1793–1853).

¹⁴⁰ Willis, C. A., “Religious Confraternities in the Sudan”, SNR, iV, 4 (1921), 175–94.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Trimingham, op. cit. 187–241.Google Scholar

¹⁴² E.g., Sarräj, Muhammad 'Abd al-Majid, A1-Manāhij al-'aliya fī Taräjim aI-Sädat al-Mirghaniya (The Exalted Ways in the Biographies of the Noble Mirghaniyas) (Khartoum, 1955).Google Scholar

¹⁴³ MacMichael, H. A., The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofan (Cambridge, 1912);Google ScholarA History of the Arabs in the Sudan, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1922).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ For the southern groups, cf. infra, p. 457.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ , C. G. and Seligman, B. Z., “Notes on the History and Present Condition of the Beni Amer”, SNR, xiii, i (1930), 83–97.Google Scholar G. E. R. Sandars, “The Bisharin”, ibid. xvi, 2 (1933), 119–49. G. E. R. Sandars, “The Amarar”, ibid. XVIII, 2 (1935), 195–219. T. R. H. Owen, “The Hadendowa”, ibid. xx, 2 (1937), 183–208. S. F. Nadel, “Notes on Beni Amer Society”, ibid. xxvi, 1 (1945), A. Paul, “Notes on the Beni Amer”, ibid. xxxi, 2 (1950), 223–45.

¹⁴⁶ Paul, A., A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan (Cambridge, 1954).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Penn, A. E. D., ‘Traditional Stories of the ‘Abdullab Tribe’, SNR, xvii, i (1934), 59–82.Google Scholar G. B. Tame, “Legends [so called, but really historical traditions] of the Halawin of Blue Nile Province”, ibid. xvii, 2(1934), 201–16. F. C. S. Lorimer, ‘The Meghadhib of Ed Darner’, ibid. XIX, 2 (1936), 335–40. S. Hillelson, ‘Historical Poems and Traditions of the Shukriya’, ibid. iii, I (1920), 33–75. Henderson, K. D. D., A Note on the History of the Hamar Tribe of Western Kordofan (Khartoum [S.G.], 1935).Google ScholarHenderson, K. D. D., ‘The Migration of the Messiria Tribe into South-West Kordofan’, SNR, xxii, I (1939), 49–77.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Here the fiki won a total victory over the makk, and the hereditary fariqa lea.s became the rulers of Ed Darner until the coming of the Turks.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Nicholls, W., The Shaikiya, an Account of the Shaikiya Tribes and of the History of Dongola Province from the 14th to the 19th Century (Dublin, 1913). All this in sixty small pages of large print.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Lorimer, F. C. S., ‘The Rubatab’, SNR, XIX, I (1936), 162–7.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Herzog, R., Die Nubier: Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen cur Gruppengliederung, Gesellschaftsform und Wirtschaftsweise (Berlin, 1957).Google Scholar

¹⁵² On the Ja'līyīn, an article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and a brief note on the Khawalda section by Jackson, H. C. (SNR, I, 3 [1918], 167–74); on the Jawāma'a apparently nothing at all (apart of course from MacMichael's treatment).Google Scholar

¹⁵³ For Santandrea's work, cf. infra, loc.cit.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ It is a sign of the times that many enlightened Sudanese have ceased to be reticent about their tribal origins, and openly take an interest in the part which their tribe has played in the history of the Sudan.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ Hill, R. L., A Biographical Dictionary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Oxford, 1951). Other useful biographical material, especially for living persons, is contained in Sad Mikhāpīl, Al-Sūdān bain 'Ahdain (The Sudan between Two Agreements–sc. those of 1899 and 1936) (Cairo, 1940); and Yahyā Muhammad 'Abd al-Qādir, Shakhsiyāt min al-Sūdān (Personalities of the Sudan), 3 vols. (Khartoum, 1952).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ In the Faculty of Arts of the University of Khartoum.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Arkell, A. J., ‘The History of Darfur, A.D. 1200–1700,’ SNR, xxxii, I, 2 (1951), 37–70, 207–38; xxxiii, I, 2 (1952), 129–55, 244–75.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ Arkell, A. J., ‘The Coinage of 'Au Dinar, Sultan of Darfur,’ SNR, XXIII, I (1940), 151–60.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Lampen, G. D., ‘History of Darfur’, SNR, XXXI, 2 (1950), 177–209.Google Scholar R. Davies, ‘The Masalit Sultanate’, ibid. vii, 2 (1924), 49–62. Samuel Bey Atiyah, ‘Senin [wad klusain] and Au Dinar’, ibid. vii, 2, 63–9. J. A. Gillan, ‘Darfur 1916’, ibid. XXII, I (1939), 1–15. J. E. H. Boustead, ‘The Youth and Last Days of Au Dinar’, ibid. XXII, I (1939), 149–3. Sulaimān Mitwalī Atabānī, ‘A Fragment from [=by] Ali Dinar’, ibid. XXXIV, I (1953), 114–16. [Various], ‘The Defence of Nyala, 1921’, ibid. xxv, I (1942–1943), 81–108. Maurice's, G. K. paper ‘The Entry of Relapsing Fever in the Sudan’ (SNR, xv, I (1932), 97–118), illustrates some aspects of the Condominium administration of Darfur.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Theobald, A. B., The Reign of 'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916 (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1962).Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ SNR, XL (1959), 113–20.Google Scholar

¹⁶² Anon, . [Capt. Smyth, V.C.], ‘The History of Gallabat,’ SNR, VII, I (1924), 93–101.Google Scholar R. J. Elles, ‘The Kingdom of Tegali’, ibid. XVIII, I, (1935). J. W. Kenrick, ‘The Kingdom of Tegale, 1912–1946’Google Scholar, ibid. xxix, 2 (1948), 143–50. F. A. Edwards, ‘The Foundation of Khartoum’, ibid. v, 3 (1922), 157–61. C. E. J. Walkley, ‘The Story of Khartoum’, ibid. XVIII, 2 (1935), 221–42; XIX, I (1936), 71–92. J. F. E. Bloss, ‘The Story of Suakin’, ibid. xix, 2 (1936), 271–300; XX, 2 (1937), 247–80. D. C. Cumming, ‘The History of Kassala and the Province of Taka’, ibid. xx, 1 (1937), 1–45; xxiii, I, 2 (1940), 1–54, 225–69.

¹⁶³ Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disturbances in the Southern Sudan during August 1955 (Khartoum [S.G.], 1956).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ 'Umar Tūsūn, Ta'rīkh Mudīrīyā Khatt al-Istiwā' al-Misrīya (History of the Egyptian Equatorial Province) (Alexandria, 1937/1355).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ Supra, p. 437.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ Biographie Coloniale Belge, 5 vols., ed. Dellicour, F. and others (Brussels, 1948–1958, in progress).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁷ Collins, R. O., The Southern Sudan, 1883–1898: A Struggle for Control (New Haven, 1962).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Middleton, D., Baker of the Nile (London, 1949).Google ScholarManning, O., The Remarkable Expedition: The Story of Stanley's Rescue of Emin Pasha from Equatorial Africa (London, 1947).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Ceulemans, P., La Question arabe et le Congo 1883–1892 (Brussels, 1959), has some new sidelights on the policy of King Leopold.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ Simpson, D. H., ‘A Bibliography of Emin Pasha,’ U[ganda] J[ournal], XXIV, 2 (1960), 138–65.Google ScholarGray, J. M., ‘The Diaries of Emin Pasha,’ UJ, xxv, I, 2 (1961), 1–15, 149–70;Google Scholar ‘Kabarega's Embassy to the Mahdists in 1897’, ibid. XIX, I (1955), 93–5. M. Moses, ‘A History of Wadelai’, ibid. XVII, I (1953), 78–80. For Sir Gray's, J. M. publications on Acholi history, cf. infra, p. 457.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Moorehead, Alan, The White Nile (London, 1960).Google Scholar

¹⁷² Nassim Maqqar, ‘Al-Binbäshi al-Mişri Salim Qabudn (sic) wa-l-kashf ‘an ManJbi’ al-Nil (The Egyptian Colonel S. Q. and Discovery relating to the Sources of the Nile) (Cairo, 1962). (Ethnically at least, Salim Qapudan was a Turk rather than an Egyptian.) Cf. ‘Abd al-RatimAn Zaki, ‘Al-Jaish al-Mişri wa-l-Istikshālf fi Ifriqiya (‘The Egyptian Army and Exploration in Africa’), Al-Muqtataf (Cairo, Apr., May 1938), 396–402, 547–50; Muhammad habri, ‘Ihtiläl Bahr al-Ghazäl’ (‘The Occupation of the Babr al-Ghāpzal’), Al-Majalla al-Ta'rfkhiya ai-Mihiya (i.e., Egyptian Historical Review), iv (1952), 181–245.Google Scholar

¹⁷³ Gray, J. R., A History of the Southern Sudan, 1839–1889 (London, 1961).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ Evans-Pritchard, E. E., ‘Zande Historical Texts’, SNR, xxxvi, 2 (1955), 123–45; xxxvii (1956), 20–47; xxxviii (1957), 74–99. ‘The Origins of the Ruling Clan of the Azande’, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Xiii, 4 (1957), 322–43; ‘Zande Warfare’, Anthropos, Lii (1957), 239–62; “Zande Border Raids”, Africa, xxvii (1957), 217–31. ‘The Zande Royal Court”, Zaire, xi (1957), 361–89, 493–511, 687–713; ‘An Historical Tntroduct ion to a Study of Zande Society’, African Studies, xvii, I (1958), I–15 ‘A History of the Kingdom of Gbudwe’, Zaire, x, 5, 6 (1956), 451–91, 675–710, 815–60.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Beaton, A. C., ‘A Chapter in Ban History”, SNR, XVII, 2 169–200Google Scholar G. O. Whitehead, ‘Social Change among the Ban’, ibid. xii, i (1929), 91–7; ‘A Note on Ban History’, ibid. xix, z (1936), 152–7.

¹⁷⁶ Hofmeyr, W., Die Schilluk (Vienna, 1925).Google ScholarPumphrey, M. E. C., ‘The Shilluk Tribe’, SNR, xxiv, i (1941),Google Scholar P. P. Howell and W. P. G. Thomson, ‘The Death of a Reth of the Shjlluk and the Installation of his Successor’, ibid. xxvii (1946), 5–85. P. P. Howell, ‘The Installation of Reti, Kur wad Fafiti of the Shilluk’, ibid. xxxiv, 2 (1953), 189–204.

¹⁷⁷ Gray, J. M., ‘Acholi History, 1860–1901’, UJ, xv, 2(1951), 121–43; xvi, i, 2(1952), 32–50, 132–44.Google Scholar ‘Acholiland in 1897’, ibid. xviii, i (1954), 21–3. R. M. Bere, ‘An Outline of Acholi History’, ibid. xi, i (1947), 1–8.

¹⁷⁸ Rowley, J V., ‘Notes on the Madi of Equatoria Province’, SNR, xxiii, 2 (1940), 279–94.Google ScholarSantandrea, S., ‘A Preliminary Account of the Indri, Togoyo, Feroge, Mangaya and Woro’, SNR, xxxiv, 2 (1953), 230–64;Google Scholar ‘Sanusi, Ruler of Dar Banda and Dar Kuti, in the History of the Bahr el Ghazal’, ibid. xxxviii (1957), 151–5; ‘Notes on the Bongo’, ibid. xxxix (1958), 61–78; ‘The Bandiya at Deim Zubeir’, ibid. XL (1959), 129–35.

¹⁷⁹ This work is being shared between Sudan Notes and Records and the University of Khartoum. SNR, XLII (1961) will contain G. Beltrame's ‘Notes on the Distribution of Nilotic Peoples’ (1860), and G. Martini's impressions of the Nuba in 1875.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁰ A. Capovilla, II Servo di Dio Daniele Comboni, Vicario Apostolico dell'Africa Centrale … (Verona, 1944).Google ScholarCrestani, E., Don Angelo Vinco, Missionario, Esploratore:Profilo Storico (Verona 1941).Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Toniolo, E., ‘The First Centenary of the Roman Catholic Mission to Central Africa, 1846–1946,’ SNR, XXVII (1946), 99–126. (In spite of its title, this paper does not deal with twentieth-century activity.)Google ScholarToniolo, E., Dawr al-Irsālīyāt al-Kathulīhīya fī haraha al-kashf al-jughrāfī wa 'Ilm al-Ajnās al-basharīya fl-l-Sudān mā bain 1842–1899 (The Part played by the Catholic Missions in Geographical Discovery and Ethnography in the Sudan between 1842 and 1899) (Khartoum, n.d. [1948]).Google Scholar

¹⁸² Dempsey, J., Mission on the Nile (London, 1955).Google Scholar

¹⁸³ Jackson, H. C., Pastor on the Nile, being some account of the Life and Letters of Liewellyn H. Gwynne …. (London, 1960).Google ScholarTrimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan (London, 1949).Google ScholarGelsthorpe, A. S., ‘The Church in the Southern Sudan’, East and West Review, 1944, 16–21.Google Scholar ‘The Church in the Southern Sudan’, ibid. 1953, 119–25.

¹⁸⁴ Lambie, T. A., A Doctor Carries On (New York, n.d. [1942]).Google ScholarRevell, F. H., The Hand of God in the Sudan (New York, 1947).Google ScholarQuinton, A. G. H., Sudan Interior Mission (New York, 1949).Google ScholarMaxwell, J. L., Halfa Century of Grace (London, 1953).Google ScholarForsberg, M., Land Beyond the Nile (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁵ The official publication The Sudan—A Record of Progress (1948) made a stir by suggesting the possibility of a separate political future for the Southern Sudan. For a Northern Sudanese reaction to the real or supposed Southern policy of the Condominium administration, see Anon.Google Scholar[Ahmad], Yusuf Abdallāh, Al-Fākiha al-Muharrama (Forbidden Fruit) (Cairo, 194?).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁶ Collins, R. O. and Herzog, R., ‘Early British Administration in the Southern Sudan’, JAH, II, I (1961), 119–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Maurice, G. K., ‘The History of Sleeping Sickness in the Sudan’, SNR, XIII, 2 (1930), 211–45.Google Scholar P. Coriat, ‘Gwek the Witch-Doctor and the Pyramid of Dengkur’, ibid. XXII, 2 (1939), 211–37. R. O. Collins, ‘Patrols against the Beirs’, ibid. XLI (1960), 35–58; ‘The Turkana Patrol’, UJ, xxv, I (1961), 16–33.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁸ Ahmed, J. M. (Ahmad, Jamāl Muhammad), The Intellectual Origins of Egyptian Nationalism (London, 1960) (Middle Eastern Monographs, No. III).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁹ Supra p. 443.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁰ al-Rayyah, Mubārak B¯bikr, Thawra al-Sūdāniya 1924 (The Sudanese Revolution) (Omdurman, n.d. [1960]).Google Scholar

¹⁹¹ Gwynn, C. W., Imperial Policing (London, 1934).Google Scholar Anon., ‘Al-Liw¯'al-Abiad ama¯m al-Qudā'’ (The White Flag Faces Judgment), Majalla Mir'at al-Sudan (Khartoum, 1957).Google Scholar

¹⁹² Khair, Ahmad, Kifāh Jil (A Generation's Struggle) (Cairo, 1948). (The author at present Foreign Minister of the Sudan Republic.) Al-Dardīrī Muhammad ‘Uthmān, Mudhakkirātī, 1914–58 (My Reminiscences…) (Khartoum, n.d. [1962]).Google Scholar

¹⁹³ Osman, Y. (Ya'qūb ‚Uthmān) and Mahgoub, M. A. (Muhammad Ahmad Mahjūb), ‘The Sudan ufor Liberty’, Pan-Africa, 1, 3 (Manchester, 1947).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁴ Taha, Abd al-Rahmān ‚Alī, Al-Sūdān li-l-Sūdānīyīn (The Sudan for the Sudanese) (Khartoum, 1955). The Umma party, closely associated with Sayid ‚Abd al-Rahmān al-Mahdī and the Ansār, was strongly opposed to any link with Egypt.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁵ Duncan, J. S. R., The Sudan, A Record of Progress, 190–3. K. D. D. Henderson, The Making of the Modern Sudan, 540–52.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁶ Hodgkin, T., Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London, 1956); African Political Parties (London, 1961).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ It is hoped that work on the Coptic Community will soon be begun by a candidate for the Khartoum M.A. Degree in History.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁸ For a comprehensive bibliography, see Nasri, El, op. cit. 77–95.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁹ Abbas, Mekki (‚Abbās, Makkī) and Sen, S., ‘The General Elections in the Sudan’, Parliamentary Affairs, VII (1954), 303–16.Google ScholarFawzi, Saad Ed Din (Sa'd al-Dīn Fawzī), Problems of the Transfer of Power in the Sudan’, The International Spectator, X, 5 (1956), 131–3;Google Scholar‘The Sudan: An analytical Account of the Sudan's First Year of Independence’, in The Annual Register, 1956 (London, 1957).Google ScholarBroadbent, P., ‘Sudanese Self-Government’, International Affairs, XXX, 3 (1954), 320–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarHolt, P. M., ‘Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination’, The Middle East Journal, X, 3, 4 (1956), 239–47, 368–78.Google Scholar

²⁰⁰ G. Shepperson at the Leverhulme Inter-Collegiate History Conference (Salisbury, , Rhodesia, S., 1960): Historians in Tropical Africa (Conference Report) (Salisbury, 1962), 10.Google Scholar

²⁰¹ This is not to ignore the elements of administrative continuity, notably through the Mahdia, which have been emphasized by P. M. Holt.Google Scholar