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97 The paper was delivered on 27 August 1975 at the International Congress of Historical Sciences (I.C.S.H.) in San Francisco: it ‘marked the frst occasion, since Ireland became affliated to the I.C.S.H. in 1938, when a paper on Irish history has been presented’. The paper has been cited or referenced on few occasions. Garvin and Lee do so without refer encing its historiographical critique. Jeffrey Prager quotes an extract relating to the ‘new’ history’s affrmation of the democratic tradition in Irish politics. Fanning, R., ‘Leadership and transition from the politics of revolution to the politics of party: the example of Ireland, 1914–1939’ in Reports: 14th International Congress of the Historical Sciences (3 vols, New York, 1977), iii, 1741–68Google Scholar; ‘Thirty-seventh annual report of the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences, November 1974–December 1975’ in I.H.S ., xx, no. 77 (Mar. 1976), p. 63; Garvin, T., The evolution of Irish nationalist politics (Dublin, 1980), p. 199 n. 44Google Scholar; Lee, , Ireland, p. 87 n. 127Google Scholar; Prager, J., Building democracy in Ireland (Cambridge, 1986), p. 15Google Scholar; Gallagher, M., ‘The pact general election of 1922’ in I.H.S., xxi, no. 84 (Sept. 1979), pp 405Google Scholar; Murphy, John A., ‘The Anglo-Irish Treaty and after: the Canadian model and context’ in O’Driscoll, R. and Reynolds, L. (eds), The untold story (Toronto, 1988), p. 891Google Scholar.

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102 Ibid., quote taken from Lyons, ‘Meaning of independence’, p. 224.

103 Ibid., p. 1743.

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111 Mulcahy’s status within the I.R.B. is contested where David Fitzpatrick writes, ‘Regan … repeat[s] the common but erroneous assertion that Mulcahy was “not a senior” member of the I.R.B. in its decline’: see Fitzpatrick, D., ‘Review article’ in History Ireland, 8/2 (2000), p. 49Google Scholar. Dáil and Provisional government minutes, 12 July (evening) 1922 (N.A.I., Dáil and Provisional government minutes, G1/3).

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116 Kennedy to Cosgrave, 3 Apr. 1923, quoted in Fanning, , Independent Ire., p. 46Google Scholar.

117 Fanning sourced Collins’s appointment as commander-in-chief not in the government minutes but in an extract found in the Cabinet fle ‘Army appointments 1922’. In this fle, the appointments are incorrectly prefaced with ‘P.G. Decision 12th July, 1922 (P.G. 57)’: see Fanning, , Independent Ire., p. 18 n. 37Google Scholar.

118 Idem, Independent Ire., p. 46.

119 Ibid., p. 18 n. 37 (see also p. 33).

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123 Claims Collins rededicated himself to the I.R.B. are corroborated by senior Treatyite offcer Joe Sweeney’s testimony: ‘After the civil war [began]’, Sweeny recalled, ‘Collins called a number of us up to Dublin for a meeting the purpose of which was the reorganisa tion of the IRB in the army’. Joseph Sweeny (O’Malley notebooks, UCDA, P17b/97), quoted in Regan, , Counter-revolution, p. 189Google Scholar. Curran, , ‘The decline and fall of the I.R.B.’ in Éire–Ireland, 10/1 (1975), pp 14–23Google Scholar.

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129 Collins’s note quoted by Taylor but omitted by Fitzpatrick reads: ‘At Gov. meeting this evening Council of War appointed M.C[ollins]. C in C; R. J. M[ulcahy]. M[inster of]. D[efence] & C[hief] of S[taff]; G.[sic ] O’D[uffy] C[hief] of S[taff (sic)] & G[eneral]. C[(sic) Offcer?]. C[ommanding]. South W[est]. Command’ (my expansions). While the appointments were made at a government meeting, there is nothing here to indicate the appointments were made by the government. Taylor, R., Michael Collins (Dublin, 1958), p. 237Google Scholar; Fanning, , Independent Ire., p. 145Google Scholar.

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132 Béaslaí, P., Micheal Collins and the making of a new Ireland (2 vols, London, 1926), ii, 429Google Scholar; Costello, M.J. in Irish Press, 8 Oct. 1982Google Scholar. On the enforcement of licensing laws, including Collins’s chastisement of Cosgrave for non-attention to detail, see Collins to Cosgrave, 31 July, and esp. 3 Aug. 1922 (U.C.D.A., Mulcahy papers, P7/B/29); chairman [Collins] to acting chairman on ‘Prisoners on hunger strike in Derry jail’, 31 July 1922 (U.C.D.A., Blythe papers, P24/65); Collins [from ‘chairman’s offce’] to Churchill, 27 July 1922, ‘on administration of the diseases of animals acts’ (U.C.D.A., Blythe papers, P24/65).

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135 Fanning sourced Collins’s appointment not in the copies of government minutes but in an extract found in the Cabinet fle ‘Army appointments 1922’; in this, ‘Collins told the provisional government …’ is prefaced incorrectly with ‘P.G. Decision 12th July, 1922 (P.G. 57)’. This contradicts Kennedy’s assertion of army autonomy and, indeed, the govern ment minutes: see Fanning, , Independent Ire., p. 18 n. 37Google Scholar.

136 Collins to Griffth, 14 July 1922 (U.C.D.A., Mulcahy papers, P7/B/30). A copy is located in ‘SPO S’1318’, cited above. Inexplicably, Hart postdates this letter to 14 August 1922, which undermines its immediate relevance to the July army appointments. Griffth’s death on 12 August, properly, should have alerted Hart to the incorrect date he attributes to it. Hart, , Mick, p. 469Google Scholar.

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142 Reviewing Fearghal McGarry’s biography, Eoin O’Duffy, Regan commented: ‘the argument that a treatyite dictatorship of some order was in place before Collins’s death, on 22 August 1922, should not be dismissed out of hand. Not, that is, without frst addressing the interpretation, and the supporting evidence’. Responding, McGarry made no refer ence to this. Review no. 583, at: http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/reganJresp.html (accessed 19 May 2009).

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154 Doherty, G., ‘The commemoration of the ninetieth anniversary of the Easter Rising’ in idem and Keogh, D. (eds), 1916: the long revolution (Dublin, 2007), p. 407Google Scholar. The volume contains the proceedings relating to a conference held at University College, Cork, 27–28 Jan. 2006.

155 Making history: the Irish historian, dir. Seán Ó Mordha, , RTÉ, 27 Nov. 2007Google Scholar.

156 For a debate around some of these issues, see the author’s review of Richard English’s Irish freedom (London, 2006)Google Scholar, and English’s response: Reviews in history, http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/regan2.html (accessed 17 July 2009).

157 I wish to acknow ledge the support of the British Academy and Carnegie Trust while researching this article, and also Deirdre McMahon and Sean Kane for their comments on early drafts.