Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T06:07:27.387Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Interviewing Iranian Immigrant Parents and Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Patricia J. Higgins*
Affiliation:
Plattsburgh State University, Plattsburgh, New York

Extract

Among the newest developments in the ethnography of Iran is research on Iranians living outside of Iran. The large post-revolutionary Iranian diaspora raises many interesting issues and questions, including to what extent Iranian culture can be maintained abroad and how effectively displaced Iranians can function within host societies. Several features of the Iranian diaspora also make this population attractive for testing general theories concerning migration and adaptation. In addition, the conditions that led to the Iranian diaspora of the last 25 years also made it difficult for anthropologists to carry out research in Iran, enhancing the attractiveness of studying Iranian populations outside of Iran.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 The International Society for Iranian Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 My research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant #BNS-8920612, and carried out with the assistance of Ms. Nahid Azad, Marriage and Family Counselor. Thanks are due to the many Iranian parents, adolescents, and community members who participated in the study, and to the educational personnel who generously cooperated with the research. For results of this research, see Higgins, Patricia J., “Intergenerational Stress: Parents and Adolescents in Iranian Immigrant Families,” Beyond Boundaries: Selected Papers on Refugees and Immigrants, Volume V, ed. Baxter, Diane and Krulfeld, Ruth (Arlington, 1997): 189213Google Scholar; Higgins, Patricia J., “Adolescent Ethnic Identities: Iranians in the U.S.,” DANESH Bulletin 1.2 (1997): 1014Google Scholar; and Patricia J. Higgins, Immigrant Minorities, Ethnicity, and Education. Final Performance Report, 1/1/90–12/31/92. National Science Foundation Grant No. BNS-8920612, 1995.

2 Bozorgmehr, Mehdi, “From Iranian Studies to Studies of Iranians in the United States,” Iranian Studies 31.1 (1998): 530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Bernard, H. Russell, Research Methods in Anthropology, Second Edition, (Walnut Creek, 1994): 267Google Scholar.

4 See, for example, Chaichian, Mohammad A., “First Generation Iranian Immigrants and the Question of Cultural Identity: The Case of Iowa,” International Migration Review 31.3 (1997): 612627CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hanassab, Shideh, “Sexuality, Dating, and Double Standards: Young Iranian Immigrants in Los Angeles,” Iranian Studies 31.1 (1998): 6575CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lipson, Juliene G., “The Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants,” Western Journal of Nursing Research 14.1 (1992): 13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; and Mahdi, Ali Akbar, “Ethnic Identity among Second Generation Iranians in the United States,” Iranian Studies 31.1 (1998): 7795CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 BiParva, Ebrahim, “Ethnic Organizations: Integration and Assimilation vs. Segregation and Cultural Preservation with Specific Reference to the Iranians in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area,” Journal of Third World Studies 11.1 (1994): 394400Google Scholar.

6 Bozorgmehr, Mehdi and Sabagh, Georges, “Iranian Exiles and Immigrants in Los Angeles,” Iranian Refugees and Exiles since Khomeini, ed. Fathi, Asghar (Costa Mesa, 1991): 121144Google Scholar; Higgins, “Intergenerational Stress,” 192; Lipson, “Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants,” 12.

7 Hanassab, Shideh and Tidwell, Romeria, “Cross-Cultural Perspective on Dating Relationships of Young Iranian Women: A Pilot Study,” Counseling Psychology Quarterly 2.2 (1989): 113121CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Higgins, “Intergenerational Stress,” 192.

8 Ansari, Abdoulmaboud, “A Community in Process: The First Generation of the Iranian Professional Middle-Class Immigrants in the United States,” International Review of Modern Sociology 7 (1977): 85101Google Scholar; Ansari, Abdoulmaboud, The Making of the Iranian Community in America, (New York, 1992)Google Scholar; and Hoffman, Diane M., “Beyond Conflict: Culture, Self, and Intercultural Learning among Iranians in the U.S.,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 14 (1990): 75299CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 87; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community: xiv, 157.

10 Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community, 161; Gilanshah, Farah, “Iranians in the Twin Cities,” Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 7 (1986): 117123CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community, 157; Chaichian, “First Generation Iranian Immigrants,” 614; Gilanshah, “Iranians in the Twin Cities,” 119; Hoffman, Diane M., “Self and Culture Revisited: Culture Acquisition among Iranians in the United States,” Ethos 17.1 (1989): 3249CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kamalkhani, Zahra, Iranian Immigrants and Refugees in Norway (Bergen, 1988): 111Google Scholar.

12 BiParva, “Ethnic Organizations,” 379; Gilanshah, Farah, “Experience of Iranian Women in the United States: The Case of the Twin Cities,” DANESH Bulletin 3.4 (1999): 2328Google Scholar.

13 Kelley, Ron, “Irangeles: Photographic Contexts,” Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles, ed. Kelley, Ron (Berkeley, 1993): 376Google Scholar.

14 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 88; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community.

15 Lipson, “Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants,” 12.

16 Although the same research is reported in Ansari's 1992 publication Making of the Iranian Community as in his 1977 publication “Community in Process” the numbers reported for the sample differ slightly.

17 Bauer, Janet, “A Long Way Home: Islam in the Adaptation of Iranian Women Refugees in Turkey and West Germany,” Iranian Refugees and Exiles since Khomeini, ed. Fathi, Asghar (Costa Mesa, 1991): 77101Google Scholar.

18 BiParva, “Ethnic Organizations,” 397.

19 Kelley, “Irangeles,” 367.

20 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 89; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community, 159; BiParva, “Ethnic Organizations,” 379; Lipson, “Health and Adjustment of Iranian Immigrants,” 13, 28.

21 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 89; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community, 159; BiParva, “Ethnic Organizations,” 387.

22 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 90.

23 Mahdi, Ali Akbar, “Role Reversal and its Consequences in the Iranian Immigrant Family,” DANESH Bulletin 3.4 (1999): 217Google Scholar.

24 Good, Byron J., Good, Mary-Jo DelVecchio, and Moradi, Robert, “The Interpretation of Iranian Depressive Illness and Dysphoric Affect,” Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder, ed. Kleinman, Arthur and Good, Byron (Berkeley, 1985): 369428CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lipson, “Mental Health of Iranian Immigrants”; Moghissi, Haideh, “Away from Home: Iranian Women, Displacement, Cultural Resistance, and Change,” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 30.2 (1999): 207217CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pliskin, Karen, Silent Boundaries: Cultural Constraints on Sickness and Diagnosis of Iranians in Israel (New Haven, 1987)Google Scholar.

25 Ogbu, John U., “Variability in Minority School Performance: A Problem in Search of an Explanation,” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 18.4 (1987): 312334CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gibson, Margaret A. and Ogbu, John U., eds., Minority Status and Schooling: A Comparative Study of Immigrants and Involuntary Minorities (New York, 1991)Google Scholar.

26 Higgins, Patricia J., “The Conflict of Acculturation and Enculturation in Suburban Elementary Schools of Tehran,” Journal of Research and Development in Education 9.4 (1976): 102112Google Scholar.

27 For a demographic analysis based on the 1980 Census, see Bozorgmehr, Mehdi and Sabagh, Georges, “High Status Immigrants: A Statistical Profile of Iranians in the United States,” Iranian Studies 21 (1988): 536CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

28 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 88; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community, 157.

29 Ansari, “Community in Process,” 88; Ansari, Making of the Iranian Community.