Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T09:31:18.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Peaceful change’ in International Relations: a conceptual archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2019

Peter Marcus Kristensen Open the ORCID record for Peter Marcus Kristensen [Opens in a new window]
Peter Marcus Kristensen*
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
*
*Corresponding author. Email: pmk@ifs.ku.dk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As the so-called liberal international order has come under duress, the problem of ‘peaceful change’ has reappeared on the agenda of International Relations (IR), mainly in a realist guise drawing upon E.H. Carr and Robert Gilpin's renditions of the problem. Making a conceptual archaeological intervention, this paper recovers long-neglected multidisciplinary debates on ‘peaceful change’ taking place in the tumultuous interwar period. It concurs that peaceful change is an IR problem par excellence, central to academic debates in the burgeoning interwar discipline, but also a more complex conceptual figure than posterity portrays it. The paper explores the debates between negative and positive conceptions of peaceful change, between political, legal-institutional and communitarian mechanisms of peaceful change, and different policies of peaceful change, particularly its troubled relationship to appeasement. The paper concludes that the interwar debate on peaceful change, while highly embedded in its context, does offer IR an alternative and more aspirational perspective on the problem of power and order transitions.

Keywords

peaceful changeinternational orderhistory of international thoughtInternational Relations and law
Type
Research Article
Information
International Theory , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 2021 , pp. 36 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abi-Saab, Georges. 1962. Peaceful Change and the Integration of the Newly Independent States in the International Community. Yearbook of the AAA [Association of Attenders and Alumni of the Hague Academy of International Law] 32/33:172–178.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel, and Barnett, Michael. 1998. Security Communities. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Angus, Henry. 1937a. Canada and the Doctrine of Peaceful Change. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Angus, Henry. 1937b. The Problem of Peaceful Change in the Pacific Area. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh.Google Scholar
Antola, Esko. 1984. Theories of Peaceful Change. Cooperation and Conflict 19:235–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, David. 2012. Foundations of Modern International Thought. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, Hamilton Fish. 1935. “Power Politics and the Peace Machinery.” Foreign Affairs 14:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashworth, Lucian. 2013. A History of International Thought. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ashworth, Lucian. 2019. “How Should We Approach the History of International Thought?” In Historiographical Investigations in International Relations, edited by Schmidt, Brian and Nicolas Guilhot, , 79. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Duncan. 2009. “Writing the World.” International Affairs 85:3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentwich, Norman. 1938. “Peaceful Change.” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 20:157–59.Google Scholar
Bevir, Mark. 2011. “The Contextual Approach.” In Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy, edited by Klosko, George, 11–23. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Lincoln. 1957. Evolution or Revolution? The United Nations and the Problem of Peaceful Territorial Change. Cambridge: HUP.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourquin, Maurice. 1936. Collective Security: A Record of the Seventh and Eighth International Studies Conferences. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Bourquin, Maurice. 1938. “Introductory Report.” In Peaceful Change, edited by International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, 85. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Brierly, James Leslie. 1946. “International Law.” International Affairs 22:352–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1969. “The Twenty Years’ Crisis Thirty Years on.” International Journal 24:625–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1972. “The Theory of International Politics, 1919–1969.” In The Aberystwyth Papers, edited by Porter, Brian. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett. 1936. “Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace.” International Affairs 15:846–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett. 1939. Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939. New York: HarperPerennial.Google Scholar
Carr-Saunders, Alexander. 1937. World Population. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Ceadel, Martin. 2000. Semi-detached Idealists. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claude, Inis. 1963. Swords into Plowshares, 2nd ed. New York: Random.Google Scholar
Condliffe, John. 1938. Markets and the Problem of Peaceful Change. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Crawford, Neta. 2018. “The Potential for Fundamental Change in World Politics.” International Studies Review 20:232–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruttwell, Charles R. M. F. 1937. A History of Peaceful Change in the Modern World. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Cruttwell, Charles R. M. F. 1938. “Review of ‘Peaceful Change’.” International Affairs 17:85–86.Google Scholar
Dennery, Etienne. 1938. “Introductory Report on the Study of Raw Materials and Markets.” In Peaceful Change, edited by International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, 78–116. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Dessler, David. 1989. “Whats at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate.” International Organization 43:441–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, Karl. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dulles, Allen. 1939a. “Collective Security.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 33:118–39.Google Scholar
Dulles, John Foster. 1936. Peaceful Change Within the Society of Nations. Speech at Princeton University, March 19, 1936.Google Scholar
Dulles, John Foster. 1939b. War, Peace, and Change. Hoboken: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Dunn, Frederick. 1937. Peaceful Change. New York: CFR.Google Scholar
Dunn, Frederick. 1944. “Law and Peaceful Change.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 38:60–76.Google Scholar
Dunn, Frederick. 1959. “Peaceful Change Today.” World Politics 11:278–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichelberger, Clark. 1938. “Forth to Peace.” The American Scholar 8:120–22.Google Scholar
Feller, Abraham H. 1933. “Machinery for the Preservation of Peace.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 27:182–85.Google Scholar
Fischer-Williams, John. 1928. “Model Treaties for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes.” Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 7:407–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer-Williams, John. 1931. “Treaty Revision and the Future of the League of Nations.” International Affairs 10:326–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer-Williams, John. 1932a. “Justiciable and Other Disputes.” American Journal of International Law 26:31–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer-Williams, John. 1932b. International Change and International Peace. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Forster, Arnold. 1933. “Arbitration, Security, Disarmament.” In The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War, edited by Woolf, Leonard, 314. London: VictorGollancz.Google Scholar
Fox, William. 1949. “Interwar International Relations Research.” World Politics 2:67–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, William. 1985. “E.H. Carr and Political Realism.” Review of International Studies 11:1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey. 1935. “Territorial Revision and Article 19 of the League Covenant.” International Affairs 14:818–36.Google Scholar
Geneva Institute of International Relations. 1930. Problems of Peace, Fifth Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in International Politics. New York: CUP.Google Scholar
Gordon, Peter. 2014. “Contextualism and Criticism in the History of Ideas.” In Rethinking Modern European Intellectual History, edited by McMahon, Darrin and Moyn, Samuel, 32–55. Oxford: OUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, Theodore E. 1937. “The Economic Bases of Revisionism.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Guilhot, Nicolas. 2011. The Invention of International Relations Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst. 1958. “The Challenge of Regionalism.” International Organization 12:440–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Ernst. 1961. “International Integration.” International Organization 15:366–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Ian. 2015. Radicals and Reactionaries in Twentieth-Century International Thought. US: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Ian. 2017. “The History of International Thought and International Relations Theory.” International Relations 31:241–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Ian, and Bevir, Mark. 2014. “Traditions of British International Thought.” International History Review 36:823–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herz, John. 1959. International Politics in the Atomic Age. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi. 1991. Peace and War. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IIIC, International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation. 1937. The International Studies Conference. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
IIIC, International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation. 1938. Peaceful Change. Proceedings of the Tenth International Studies Conference. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, John. 2001. After Victory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikenberry, John. 2008. “The Rise of China and the Future of the West.” Foreign Affairs 87:23.Google Scholar
Jackson, John, and Lee, Kerry. 1941. Problems of Modern Europe. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Jenks, Wilfred. 1960. “Hersch Lauterpacht.” British Year Book of International Law 36:1.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie. 1994. Peaceful Territorial Change. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie, and Miller, Benjamin. 2018. “The Problem of Peaceful Change Revisited.” International Studies Review 20:301–08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeton, George. 1938. “National Sovereignty and the Growth of International Law.” Juridical Review 50:380.Google Scholar
Kennan, George. 1951. American Diplomacy, 1900–1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert. 1986. Neorealism and Its Critics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart. 1990. Futures Past. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Koskiennemi, Martti. 2001. The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1998. “Politics, Norms and Peaceful Change.” Review of International Studies 24:193–218.Google Scholar
Kupchan, Charles, Adler, Emanuel, Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Khong, Yuen Foong. 2001. Power in Transition: The Peaceful Change of International Order. Tokyo: UNU Press.Google Scholar
Larson, Deborah. 2018. “New Perspectives on Rising Powers and Global Governance.” International Studies Review 20:247–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch. 1937a. The International Problem of Peaceful Change. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch. 1937b. “The Legal Aspect.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch. 1955. “Brierly's Contribution to International Law.” British Year Book of International Law 32:1.Google Scholar
Long, David. 2006. “Who Killed the International Studies Conference?” Review of International Studies 32:603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, David and Brian, Schmidt. 2005. Imperialism and internationalism in the discipline of international relations. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Lorwin, Lewis. 1936. “The I.L.O. and World Economic Policy.” International Labour Review 33:457.Google Scholar
Mair, Lucy. 1937. “Colonial Policy and Peaceful Change.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles, 79–98. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. 1937. “The Psychological Aspect.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles, 99–132. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Manning, Charles. 1937. Peaceful Change. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mitrany, David. 1935. “Territorial Revision and Article 19 of the League Covenant.” International Affairs 14:827–36.Google Scholar
Mitrany, David. 1936. “Peaceful Change and Article 19 of the Covenant.” In Collective Security, edited by Bourquin, Maurice. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Mitrany, David. 1943. A Working Peace System. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Möller, Frank. 2007. Thinking Peaceful Change. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Moon, Parker. 1936. “The Need for Peaceful Change in Europe and the Far East.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 30:26–35.Google Scholar
Moresco, Emanuel. 1937. Claims to Colonies, Markets and Raw Materials. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Moresco, Emanuel. 1939. Claims to Colonies, Markets and Raw Materials. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans. 1948a. “International Affairs.” Review of Politics 10:493–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans. 1948b. Politics Among Nations. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Niedhart, Gottfried. 2016. “Ostpolitik: Transformation through Communication and the Quest for Peaceful Change.” Journal of Cold War Studies 18:14–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas. 1994. “The Constitution of International Society.” European Journal of International Law 5:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organski, A. F. K., and Kugler, Jacek. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owada, Hisashi. 2007. “Peaceful Change.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, edited by Rüdiger, Wolfrum. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Patomäki, Heikki, and Wæver, Ole. 1995. Peaceful Changes in World Politics. Tampere: TAPRI.Google Scholar
Paul, T. V. 2016. Accommodating Rising Powers. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, T. V. 2017. “Recasting Statecraft: International Relations and Strategies of Peaceful Change.” International Studies Quarterly 61:1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, T. V. 2018. “Assessing Change in World Politics.” International Studies Review 20:177–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Peter. 1954. Power and the Law. Dover: Adams & Son.Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian 2018. On Cultural Diversity. Cambridge: CUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rietzler, Katharina. 2008. “The Rockefeller Foundation and the Search for International Order.” Rockefeller Foundation Newsletter 4:4–5.Google Scholar
Robbins, Lionel. 1937. “The Economics of Territorial Sovereignty.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles, 39–60. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rogers, Lindsay. 1939. “Munich: American Opinion and Policy.” Political Quarterly 10:10–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1936. Raw Materials and Colonies. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1937. Considerations Affecting the Transfer of Colonial Territories. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Schrieke, Bertram. 1937. The Colonial Question. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Schwarzenberger, Georg. 1939. “The Rule of Law and the Disintegration of the International Society.” American Journal of International Law 33:56–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1969. “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas.” History and Theory 8:3–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1998. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2002. Visions of Politics, Volume I. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Smith, Steve. 1987. “Paradigm Dominance in International Relations.” Millennium 16:189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spykman, Nicholas. 1942. America's Strategy in World Politics. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Staley, Eugene. 1937. Raw Materials in Peace and War. New York: CFR.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric, and Cabreau, Dominique. 1968. “Law and Peaceful Change in a Subsystem.” American Journal of International Law 62:577–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, William, and Eichelberger, Clark. 1937. Peaceful Change. New York: Foreign Policy Association.Google Scholar
Strupp, Karl. 1937. Legal Machinery for Peaceful Change. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Supan, Wolfgang. 1937. The Minorities Problem. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Taliaferro, Jeffrey, Lobell, Steven, and Ripsman, Norrin. 2018. “Is Peaceful Change in World Politics Always Desirable?” International Studies Review 20:283–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Kenneth. 1953. “Collective Security Reexamined.” American Political Science Review 47:753–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold. 1936. “Peaceful Change or War?” International Affairs 15:26–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold. 1937. “The Lessons of History.” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles, 25–38. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold. 1939. “A Turning Point in History.” Foreign Affairs 17:305–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergerio, Claire. 2019. “Context, Reception, and the Study of Great Thinkers in International Relations.” International Theory 11:110–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitalis, Robert. 2016. White World Order, Black Power Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Von Verdross, Alfred. 1937. Minority Law and Nationality Law. Paris: IIIC.Google Scholar
Webster, Charles. 1937. “What Is the Problem of Peaceful Change?” In Peaceful Change, edited by Manning, Charles, 1–24. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Whitton, John. 1936. “Problems of Markets and Raw Materials.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 30:104–28.Google Scholar
Wight, Martin. 1995. Power Politics. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Francis. 1948. “The United Nations and the Peace Treaties.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 257:175–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wivel, Anders. 2018. “Realism and Peaceful Change.” Realism in Practice 102–118.Google Scholar
Wright, Quincy. 1936. “Article 19 of the League Covenant and the Doctrine ‘Rebus Sic Stantibus’.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 30:55–86.Google Scholar
Wright, Quincy. 1938. “Review.” American Historical Review 43:825–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Quincy. 1939. “The Munich Settlement and International Law.” American Journal of International Law 33:12–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Quincy. 1958. “Review.” American Political Science Review 52:845–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yntema, Hessel. 1936. “International Law as a Hindrance and as an Aid to Peaceful Change.” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law 30:36–55.Google Scholar
Zacher, Mark. 2001. “The Territorial Integrity Norm.” International Organization 55:215–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar