^{page 23 note 1} Beesly, E. S., Riots, Strike, in: The Positivist Review, 10. 1911.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 2} Morrah, H. A., History of the Oxford Union Society, London 1923, pp. 125 and 153Google Scholar; Harrison, F., Edward Spencer Beesly, in: The Positivist Review, Aug. 1915.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 3} Harrison, F. Autobiographic Memoirs, Vol. I, London 1911, p. 87.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 4} Harrison, Frederic, 1831–1924Google Scholar. See Autobiographic Memoirs, 2 vols., 1911Google Scholar. Also Harrison, A., Frederic Harrison – Thoughts and Memories, 1926Google Scholar. — J. H. Bridges. See Liveing, S., A Nineteenth Century Teacher, 1926Google Scholar. There are also two biographies of Bridges which were printed for private circulation: Bridges, M. A., Recollections of J. H. Bridges M. B., 1908, and Torlesse, F. H., Some Account of J. H. Bridges and his Family, 1912Google Scholar. – Congreve, R., 1818–1899Google Scholar. Although there is a large collection of autobiographical and other notes inthe Congreve Collection at Wadham and in the British Museum (A Positivist Archive: Add. Mss. 45227–64), there is no „Life” and it is necessary to consult the Dictionary of National Biography (D.N.B.)

^{page 24 note 1} The work in which the unity of Comte's doctrine ismade most apparent, as well as being expounded with something like brevity is “Discourse on the Positive Spirit”, 1844, English translation by Beesly, 1903.

^{page 24 note 2} Postgate, R., The Builders' History, London 1923, pp. 170–177.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 3} Webb, S. and B., History of Trades Unionism, London 1894, p. 247.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 1} The most convenient introduction to Comte's teachings on the Labour Movement is: Auguste Comte, Le Prolétariat dans la Société Moderne, Textes Choisis, avec une introduction de Paula Lopes, R., Paris 1946.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 2} Comte, A., The General View of Positivism, London 1865, Chap. III.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 1} Compare Beesly, E. S. in the Weekly Dispatch, 8 July 1877Google Scholar, with Reynolds News, report of Hyde Park meeting, 7 Aug. 1859.

^{page 26 note 2} Beesly, E. S., Odger, George, in: Weekly Dispatch, 18 March 1877Google Scholar. (For further light on Odger's relation to Beesly andPositivism see Congreve, R., Diary, 22 Sept. 1870Google Scholar [P.A.B.M.Vol. XXV, 45261] and Davies, C. M., Heterodox London, London 1874, Vol. II, p. 242).Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 3} Commemoration of Edward Spencer Beesly. Notes of Addresses by Mr. Applegarth and Mr. Burrows, Herbert, in: The Positivist Review, Nov. 1915Google Scholar; and also Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, Monthly Report: Address by Applegarth, July 1869.

^{page 26 note 4} Bookbinders Trade Circular, 21 Nov. 1861; and Operative Bricklayers' Trade Circular, Nov. 1862.

^{page 26 note 5} A Deputation of Miners at the Marquis Townshend's, in; The Miner, 2 Jan. 1864.

^{page 27 note 1} Winstanley, J. to Laffitte, P., 10 Nov. 1859 (M.A.C).Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 2} Winstanley, J. to Laffitte, P., 8 Dec. 1859 (M.A.C.).Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 3} Winstanley, J. to Magnin, F., 15 July 1861 (M.A.C.).Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 4} Magnin, F., Lettre sur la grève des ouvriers du bâtiment, Paris 1861, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 5} Kun, S., Notice sur la vie et l'oeuvre de Fabien Magnin, being the introduction to: Etudes Sociales par Fabien Magnin,Paris 1913, p. xxvi.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 6} Magnin, in an undated letter to an English co-religionist reported that he had been studying the reports of the delegates to the London exhibition, with the object of discovering the schemes and systems of thought which had Paris in a ferment. He declared that these reports were of great length (888 pages) and showed that theworkers were all bent on ending the precarious and degraded condition of labour, most of them looking to co-operative production on an industrial level for a solution. “They fail to see that their plans are not compatible with theprogress and liberty to which they profess their attachment.” Towards the end of 1864 he wrote to this correspondent (probably Beesly) again: “For some time I have received frequent invitations to enter into relations with it [the I.W.M.A.], but as you can see for yourself, their programme is so vague, so indeterminate, that I considered that I ought to take your advice before entering into relations with it.” Finally, in a letter dated 27 Caesar 77 in the Positivist calendar i.e. 19 May 1865, Magnin writes: “Now I must thank you for yourtwo good letters M. Fibourg of the I. W.M. A. presided at a discussion here. He said that the I.W.M.A. had no goal, but was simply a means. But why, I asked him, can you not assign a precise goal to a socialist movement? Because, he replied, social science has still to be created.” Magnin went on to explain that this opened the way to Positivist propaganda and “many of those present were strongly impressed by the incident, some of them have already started to study Positivism.” (Magnin's copies of his letters, Magnin collection, M.A.C. Paris.)—It may be that it was not until the late sixties that the Parisian Proletarian Positivists formed a section of the International. Members of the General Council itself seemed uncertain about the precise date of their affiliation. (See p. 54.)

^{page 28 note 1} Minute Book of the London Trades Council, 17 Dec. 1861 (Beesly on the need for political action); 20 May 1862 (Harrison on links with Italian workmen); Annual Report of 1862 (Congreve on need for links with French). (Minutes examined when offices of Council were in Great Ormond St, London.)

^{page 28 note 2} See, for example, Beesly's, three letters on the London Trades Council and Delegate Representation, in: The Bee-Hive, 2Aug., 23 and 30 Sept. 1865.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 3} See, for example, Beesly, , Public Education, in: The Commonwealth, 1 Sept. 1866Google Scholar. For the general tenor of Positivist criticism see Harrison, , The Good and Evil of Trades Unionism, in: The Fortnightly Review, Dec. 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 4} Beesly, E. S., Letter on America in: The Times, 9 Febr. 1872.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 5} Glicksberg, C. I., Henry Adams Reports on a Trades Union Meeting, in: The New England Quarterly, Vol. XV (1942).Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 1} For an account of the nature and origins of Southern sympathies in the Labour Movement, and of Beesly's activities during this period see my article, British Labour and the Confederacy, in: International Review of Social History, Vol. II (1957)Google Scholar, Part 1. For critical discussion of this article, see the editorial comment in the Bulletin of the British Association for American Studies, No. 4.

^{page 30 note 1} Great Meeting of Trade Unionists: Negro Emancipation. Professor Beesly's Speech, in: The Bee-Hive, 28 March 1863.

^{page 30 note 2} Marx, to Engels, , 9 April 1863Google Scholar. Sel. Corr. Torr.

^{page 30 note 3} Beesly, E. S., Mazzini and the French Plot, in: The Bee-Hive, 5 March 1864.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 4} Harrison, F., The Departure of Garibaldi, in: The Bee-Hive, 21 May 1864.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 5} The Independence of Poland: Great Demonstration by members of Trade Societies. Report of the speech of the chairman, Beesly, E. S., in: The Bee-Hive, 2 May 1863.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 1} Harrison, F., Poland, in: The Bee-Hive, 27 June 1863.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} Great Polish Demonstration at St. James', Hall, in: The Bee-Hive, 25 July 1863.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 3} Report of the International Meeting in Martin's Hall, St., The Bee-Hive; report reprinted in: The Founding of the FirstInternational, editor, Mins, L. E., New York 1937, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 4} Marx, to Engels, , 4 Nov. 1864Google Scholar. Sel. Corr. Torr.

^{page 32 note 1} Minutes of the General Council of the I.W.M.A., 8 Nov. 1864 (I.I.S.H.).

^{page 32 note 2} ibid., 9 May 1871.

^{page 32 note 3} Beesly, E. S., letter in Christian Socialist, March 1884Google Scholar. (Also to same effect:) Beesly, E. S. to Miss (Eleanor) Marx, 24 March 1883Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 33 note 1} Marx, to Engels, , 16 May 1868Google Scholar, Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.

^{page 33 note 2} “Paul Lafargue”, Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Moscow.

^{page 33 note 3} See below p. 42.

^{page 33 note 4} Beesly, E. S., Letter in Operative Bricklayers' Friendly Society Trade Circular, Dec. 1862.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 5} Beesly, E. S., to Howell, George, 15 March 1866Google Scholar. (B.I.) Reform meeting in Uxbridge. Speech by Beesly, , Buckinghamshire Advertiser and Uxbridge Journal, 31 March 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 6} Reform meeting in St. Martin's Hall, speech by Beesly, , in: The Bee-Hive, 14 Apr. 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 7} Beesly, E. S., Reform Constables, in: The Bee-Hive, 25 Nov. 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 1} Bright, John to Villiers, Charles, Nov. 1866Google Scholar. Cited by Trevelyan, G. M., Life of John Bright, p. 364.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 2} Beesly, E. S., The Colonies and the States, in: The Bee-Hive, 12 March 1864.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 3} Marx, to Engels, , 9 May 1865 and 31 July 1865Google Scholar. Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.

^{page 34 note 4} Marx, to Engels, , 31 July 1865Google Scholar. (ibid.)

^{page 34 note 5} Articles of Association, list of shareholders, The Industrial Newspaper Company. Records Office, London.

^{page 34 note 6} Kell, S. C., An English Radical's Protest against the Political Doctrines of the Comtists, in: The Commonwealth, 12, 19, 26 May 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 7} Editorial note to Marx, Karl in: The Commonwealth, 1 May 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 8} Marx, to Engels, , 9 June 1866. Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 1} Beesly, E. S., to Congreve, 28 Aug. 1867Google Scholar (P.A. B.M.).

^{page 35 note 2} “The General Election of 1869: Programme for Trade Unions.” Then, in Beesly's hand, “written by E. S. Beesly”. (W.T.U.C, Section B. Vol. CXX Item 41.)

^{page 35 note 3} Beesly, to Congreve, , 20 Aug. 1867Google Scholar. (P.A. B.M.) For the clash between Kell on the one hand and Beesly and Bridges on the other, see twelve letters in the Bradford Review, between 31 Aug. and 28 Dec. 1867.

^{page 35 note 4} Engels, F., in: Labour Standard, 7 May to 6 Aug. 1881Google Scholar. See also Pelling, H., The Origins of the Labour Party 1880–1900, London 1954, particularly p. 75.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 1} Marx to S. Meyer and A. Vogt, 9 April 1870, in: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels on Britain, Moscow 1953; London 1954.

^{page 36 note 2} Parliamentary Report, in: The Times, 4 May 1867.

^{page 37 note 1} McCarthy, J., The English Positivists, in: Galaxy (New York), 03 1869.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 37 note 2} The Times, 15 June 1867.

^{page 37 note 3} Beesly, Mr. Again, in: The Pall Mall Gazette, 12 Oct. 1867.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 4} O'Connor, T. P., Professor Beesly, in: Reynolds News, 18 July 1915.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 5} For a detailed account of the outrages see Pollard, S., The Ethics of the Sheffield Outrages, in: Hunter Arch. Soc. Trans., 1953/1954Google Scholar. (Dr. Pollard appears to maintain the view that awareness of the diversity of morals must entail subjectivist conclusions about the relativity of moral judgements. It is important to note thatthis was not Beesly's position. His attitude was that while theexistence of diverse moral codes was a factor to be taken into consideration in making a moral judgement, this was far from precluding the possibility of the judgement itself being true or false.)

¹ Speech by E. S. Beesly in the Exeter Hall, in: The Bee-Hive, 6 July 1867.

² The Times, 4 July 1867.

³ The Pall Mall Gazette, 10 July 1867. (See also its comments on 3, 4 and 8 July 1867).

⁴ The Globe, July 1867.

⁵ Punch, 13 and 20 July 1867.

⁶ Unidentified press cutting in the Congreve Papers, Wadham College, Oxford.

⁷ Minutes of the Council of University College. (The Records Office, University College, London.)

⁸ Beesly, E. S., to Congreve, 7 July 1867. (P.A. B.M.)

⁹ Congreve R., Mr. Broadhead and the Anonymous Press, London (Truelove) 1867. - Harrison, F., Letter in: The Pall Mall Gazette, 12 July 1867.

¹⁰ Resolutions in support of Beesly in the Report of the various proceedings of the London Trades Council and the Conference of Amalgamated Trades, 1867.

¹¹ Beesly to Congreve, 5 July 1867. (P.A, B.M.)

^{page 39 note 1} The attempts did fail, but Beesly had to endure nearly a month of uncertainty and anxiety. At University College only Grote had originally opposed interrogating Beesly; by a majority of 6 to 3 the Council found the Professor's explanation unsatisfactory, and it was not until 27 July, when it was proposed to take formal steps towards his dismissal, that he secured a majority against Goldsmid of 12 to 3. (Minutes of the College Council, Records Office, University College, London.)

^{page 39 note 2} Beesly, to Marx, . Letter headed “private” and dated 24 July 1867Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 39 note 3} E.g., Meeting of the London Trades Delegates, in: The Bee-Hive, 17 Oct. 1868.

^{page 39 note 4} Kerr, W. P. (Editor), Notes and Materials for the History of University College, London, 1898, pp. 36–37Google Scholar. (Beesly contributed some observations.)

^{page 40 note 1} Mr. Kingsley, and the Study of History, in: The Westminster Review, Apr. 1861Google Scholar. (This article was unsigned.)

^{page 40 note 2} Beesly, E. S., Catiline as a Party Leader, in: The Fortnightly Review, June 1865.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 3} Trevelyan, G. M., The Life of John Bright, London 1913, p. 354.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 4} Marx, to Engels, , 19 Aug. 1865Google Scholar. (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.)

^{page 40 note 5} Beesly, E. S., England and the Sea, being Essay III in International Policy, by Richard Congreve and others. London 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 6} See Marx on “truth, morality and justice” to Engels, , 4 Nov. 1864Google Scholar. (Sel. Corr. Torr.)

^{page 40 note 7} Marx, to Engels, , 7 July 1866Google Scholar. (ibid.).

^{page 41 note 1} Marx, to Engels, , 27 June 1867Google Scholar. (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.)

^{page 41 note 2} Beesly, to Marx, , 24 Sept. 1867Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 41 note 3} Marx, to Engels, , 24 Aug. and 19 Oct. 1867Google Scholar. (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.)—For an accurate account of the relation of thePositivists to the Fortnightly Review, see the history of that journal by Everett, E. M., entitled The Party of Humanity (North Carolina, 1939).Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 4} Marx, to Engels, , 15 Oct. 1868Google Scholar. (ibid.)

^{page 41 note 5} As far as Beesly was concerned it would be quite untrueto suppose that he had any regard for the first Napoleon. Following his master, he regarded the Corsican as “the most formidable foe to civilisation the world has seen in modern times.” (England and the Sea.)

^{page 42 note 1} Marx, to Engels, , 10 Dec. 1864Google Scholar. (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.)

^{page 42 note 2} Marx, to Engels, , 7 July 1866Google Scholar. (ibid.)

^{page 42 note 3} Auguste Vermorel: 1841–1871. Proudhonist journalist. Editor of Le Courrier Français. Beesly ordered a copy of his Les Hommes de 1848. Presumably it was Vermorel's other work, L'Opposition, which Marx had sent to Beesly. Earlier Marx had sent Beesly the comments of Le Courrier Français on the Sheffield Outrage speech. Vermorel died on the barricades during the Commune. (See Cole: History of Socialist Thought, Vol. II.) For Marx' estimate of Vermorel's place as an historian participating in an “interesting move ment which was preparing for the new Revolution” see his letter to Kugelmann of 3 March 1869.

^{page 42 note 4} Marx, to Engels, , 20 March 1869Google Scholar. (ibid.)

^{page 43 note 1} Beesly, to Marx, , 6 [8?] March 1869Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 43 note 2} Beesly, E. S., Napoleon III, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, 11 Dec. 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 3} Beesly, E. S., Napoleon and his Policy, in: The Bee-Hive, 19 Dec. 1865.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 4} ibid.—This is the most charitable interpretation of this passage.

^{page 44 note 1} Beesly, E. S., The Paris Elections; and: Napoleon and the Congress, in: The Bee-Hive, 13 June 1863 and 5 Dec. 1863.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 2} Harrison, F., Napoleon and Italy, in: The Bee-Hive, 11 Nov. 1867.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 3} Beesly, E. S., Napoleon III, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, 11 Dec. 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 4} Beesly, E. S., The International Working Men's Association, in: The Fortnightly Review, Nov. 1870Google Scholar; and Mollin, G., Rapport sur le Congrés de Bâle, Paris 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 5} Beesly, E. S., Rochefort, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, 22 Jan. 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 1} Beesly, E. S., Napoleon III, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, n Dec. 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 2} Beesly, E. S., Rochefort, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, 22 Jan. 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 3} Beesly, E. S., French Prospects, in: The Birmingham Weekly Post, 29 Jan. 1870; and A Word for France, London (Truelove), Sept. 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 4} Crompton, Henry: 1836–1904Google Scholar. Born at Liverpool; the son of a distinguished judge, andelder brother of Albert Crompton who wasalso a Positivist. Crompton met Beesly in 1864, and on the latter's recommendation, was nominated as one of the foundation members of the London Positivist Society which was formally established in 1867. Crompton was for 43 years Clerk of Assizes on the Chester and North Wales circuit. He was actively associated with Beesly, Harrison, Lushington, Godfrey and other Positivists in the direction of the Trade Union labour laws agitation from 1867Google Scholar. Between 1871 and 1881 he was the most directly influential adviser of the trade union leaders, and on more than one occasion he drew up practically the entire programme of the T.U.C. He was actively interested in industrial arbitration, and was the author of one of the first substantial works onthis topic. (D.N.B. and obituary by Beesly, , in: The Positivist Review, May 1904Google Scholar.)

^{page 45 note 5} Beesly, to Marx, , 21 May 1869Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 46 note 1} Crompton, H., The Defeat of the Workmen, in: The Bee-Hive, 2 Sept. 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 2} Samuel Morley: 1809–1866. The largest hosiery manufacturer in England and one of the wealthiest men in the country. He worshipped God and Mr. Gladstone in about equal proportion, being a munificent builder of chapels and a generous donor to the coffers of theparty. Of him it was said, “He erected benevolence into a business.” Together with James Stansfeld and G. G. Gynn, joint secretaries to the Treasury in Gladstone's first administration, he spent hundreds of pounds in order to line up working-class voters behind the Liberal party. W. R. Cremer and George Howell received £ 200 for their services in administering a special fund to whichMorley subscribed £ 2,000 during the election campaign of 1867–8. He also interested himself in the press and had a small financial interest in the Bee-Hive. (See D.N.B. and the “Life” by E. Hodder. Dr. Stephen Coltham's promised “History of the Bee-Hive”, and my own forthcoming work on the Positivists ought together to give a fuller picture of Samuel Morley's activity in the labour movement.)

^{page 46 note 3} Meeting of London Trade Unionists in the Exeter Hall. The Bee-Hive, 26 June 1869.

^{page 46 note 4} Howell, G. to Morley, S., 1 Dec. 1868Google Scholar. (B.I.)

^{page 46 note 5} Marx, to Engels, , 26 June 1869Google Scholar. (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe.)

^{page 47 note 1} Marx is referring to Beesly's pamphlet, A Word for France.

^{page 47 note 2} Marx, to Beesly, , 12 Sept. 1870, in: The Social-Democrat, Vol. VII (1903), pp. 229–231.Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 1} Sémerie, E., Les Postivistes Anglais pendant la demière guerre, in: La Pollitique Positive, irc année (1872–1873).Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 2} Marx himself, incidentally, was not opposed to describing a war between France and Germany in these terms. See his letter of 10 Sept. 1868 to Eccarius, J. G. and Lessner, F.. (Selected Correspondence, 1956.)Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 3} Congreve, R., The war IN THE NAME OF HUMANITY, proof copy of placard from the printers, Wyman & Sons, 3 Sept. 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 1} Congreve, R., Paris, 17 Mecklenburgh Square, 10 Sept. 1870Google Scholar. Reproduced in Le Chevalier, Murailles Politiques, Paris 1874.

^{page 49 note 2} “One who was present”: a letter so signed, being a newspaper cutting pasted into the back of a pamphlet in the Howell Collection, No. 1705, Class 331.89.(B.I.)

^{page 50 note 1} Meeting in Hyde Park. The Bee-Hive, 17 Sept. 1870.

^{page 50 note 2} E. S., Beesly, A Word for France: on German peaceableness, p. 8Google Scholar para. 3; on the German military system (soldiers on furlough), p. 6 lines 8–12. Compare with Second Manifesto of the General Council, para. 11: “But, say the mouthpieces of Teutonic patriotism…”

^{page 50 note 3} In the photostatic copy of this letter this word is indistinct.

^{page 51 note 1} Engels to Marx, 12 Sept. 1870. (Sel. Corr. Torr.)

^{page 51 note 2} Edmund Beales: 1803–1881. President of the Reform League and actively associated with international democratic movements ofthe early sixties. George Howell, and other working-class associatesof Beales, organised a testimonial fund for him and helped him to get the Judgeship. He worked with Cremer in the peace movement. (D.N.B.)

^{page 51 note 3} Beesly to Marx, 14 Sept. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 51 note 4} Marx to Beesly, 16 Sept. 1870.

(Karl Marx and Frederick Engels on Britain, Moscow 1953; London 1954.)

^{page 51 note 5} Beesly to Marx, 18 Sept. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 51 note 6} Beesly to Marx, 20 Sept. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 51 note 7} Beesly to Marx, 21 Oct. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 52 note 1} Beesly to Marx, 18 Oct. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 52 note 2} Marx to Beesly, 19 Oct. 1870. (Sel. Corr. 1956.)

^{page 52 note 3} Beesly to Marx, 24 Oct. 1870. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 52 note 4} Beesly, E. S., The Amalgamated Society of Carpenters, in: The Fortnightly Review, May 1867Google Scholar. — Harrison, F., The Ironmasters' Trade Union, 1865Google Scholar. (Both these articles were reprinted in the A.S.C.J. Monthly Report.)

^{page 52 note 5} Unfortunately the article throws no light on an episodewhich, if it was cleared up, might throw additional light on Marx and Positivism. According to Kautsky's notes of Engels' reflections on the History of the International, Marx insisted that at the first Congress of the International, there should be a discussion of “The Religious Idea in its relation to the social, political and intellectual development of the people”. Lessner and George Howell also state that Marx made this proposal. Marx denied Howell's account of the matter, without clearing up the origin of the story. According to Mr. Henry Collins, who is writing a history of the I.W.M.A. in England, Marx put this resolution, but only in order to get it out of the way. It originated with the French Proudhonists. See Kautsky's notes on conversations on the I.M.W.A. withEngels. (I.I.S.H.)— Lessner, F., Sixty Years in the Social-Democratic Movement, London 1907, p. 35Google Scholar. — Howell, G., The International, in: The Nineteenth Century 1878, Vol. IV, pp. 19–40.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 1} Beesly, E. S., The International Working Men's Association, in: The Fortnightly Review, Nov. 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 2} Speech by E. S., Beesly on the sixth day of the T.U.C, in London, The Bee-Hive, 18 March 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 54 note 1} Minutes of the General Council, 15 March 1870. (I.I.S.H.)

^{page 54 note 2} Resolutions of the Conference of Delegates of the International Working Men's Association assembled at London from 17th to 23rd September 1871, London 1871.

^{page 54 note 3} Beesly, to Marx, , 20 Sept. 1870Google Scholar. (M.E.L.I.)

^{page 54 note 4} Harrison, R., The Land and Labour League, in: Bulletin of the International Institute of Social History, Vol. VIII (1953), Nr. 3, pp. 169–195.Google Scholar

^{page 54 note 5} A Remonstrance to Gladstone, in: The Bee-Hive, 7 Jan. 1871,

^{page 55 note 1} G., Howell to Bartlett, C., 11 Sept. 1870Google Scholar. (B.I.)

^{page 55 note 2} Minutes of the General Council, 3 Jan. 1871. (I.I.S.H.)

^{page 56 note 1} Minutes of the General Council, 31 Jan. 1871. (I.I.S.H.)

^{page 56 note 2} Congreve, R., Religion of Humanity…. An Address on the Festival of Humanity, Sunday, 1 Jan. 1871Google Scholar, in: Congreve, R., Essays, London 1874, Vol. I, pp. 402–3.Google Scholar

^{page 56 note 3} Beesly, to Hillemand, Dr, 25 Dec. 1908Google Scholar. (M.A.C.)

^{page 56 note 4} A Whoop for War, in: Punch, 28 Jan. 1871.

^{page 56 note 5} See Raymond, D. N., Contemporary British Opinion during the Franco-Prussian War, New York 1921, pp. 288–9.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 1} Minutes of the General Council, 21 Febr. 1871. (I.I.S.H.)

^{page 57 note 2} ibid., 3 Jan. 1871.(I.I.S.H.)

^{page 57 note 3} Summary of Police Reports registered in the Home Officewith reference to political meetings held in the metropolis during the years 1867–1870 inclusive, Gladstone papers, Brit. Mus., 44617, f. 95.

^{page 57 note 4} Holyoake, G. J., Letter in The Bee-Hive, 7 Jan. 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 1} Congreve, R., L'Union des Prolétariats Anglais et Français, in: Essays: Political, social and religious, London 1874, Vol. I, p. 464.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 2} Congreve, R. to Lobb, , 14 Oct. 1870Google Scholar. (Congreve Papers, Wadham College, Oxford.)