¹ Kocka, Jürgen (ed.), Bürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert. Deutschland im europäischen Vergleich, 3 vols (Munich, 1988)Google Scholar.

² For example, Langewiesche, Dieter (ed.), Liberalismus im 19.Jahrhitndert (Göttingen, 1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar which arose out of a conference held at the Centre in Bielefeld.

³ Principally in the series Bürgertum: Beiträge zur europäischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte of which Budde's book is the sixth volume to appear.

⁴ Kocka, Jürgen et al. , Bildungsbürgertum im 19.Jahrhundert 4 vols (Stuttgart, 1985–1989)Google Scholar.

⁵ To get a sense of the range of research involved in this project, see the three volumes edited by Gall and all published by Oldenbourg in Munich: Stadt und Bürgertum im 19.Jahrhundert (1990); Vom alten zum neuen Bürgertum. Die mitteleuropäische Stadt im Umbruch 1780–1820 (1991); Stadt und Bürgertum im Übergang von der traditionellen zur modernen Gesellschaft (1993).

⁶ Augustine, Dolores L., Patricians and Parvenus: Wealth and High Society in Wilhelmine Germany (Oxford and Providence, 1994)Google Scholar; Kaudelka-Hanisch, Karin, “The Titled Businessman: Prussian Commercial Councillors in the Rhineland and Westphalia during the Nineteenth Century”, in Blackbourn, D. and Evans, R.J. (eds), Vie German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century (London, 1991), pp. 87–114Google Scholar.

⁷ Nipperdey, Thomas, Wie das Bilrgertum die Moderne fand (Berlin, 1988)Google Scholar.

⁸ The term is Nipperdey's. expressing a perference for this over the striking of judgements by the historian.