International Court of Justice — Delimitation of maritime boundary between Kenya and Somalia — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf — Territorial sea — Exclusive economic zone — Continental shelf — Relationship between delimitation of maritime boundaries and delineation of outer limits of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles

Sea — Existence of tacitly agreed maritime boundary along parallel of latitude — Acquiescence — Whether Somalia had not protested Kenya’s actions when protests were called for — Evidence of naval patrols, fishing conduct and oil concessions — Delimitation of territorial sea — Identification of base points — Construction of median line — Delimitation of exclusive economic zone — Methodology — Three-stage approach — Establishment of provisional equidistance line — Relevant circumstances — Cut-off effect — Whether Kenya’s coastal projections inequitably cut off by equidistance line — Consideration of concavity in broader geographical context — Position of third States — Relevance of agreed maritime boundary between Kenya and Tanzania to existence of cut-off effect — Disproportionality test — Delimitation of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles — Methodology — Whether Court could delimit continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles — Proof of continental shelf entitlement beyond 200 nautical miles — Use of directional arrow

State responsibility — Obligations of States in undelimited maritime areas — Whether Kenya’s conduct breached Somalia’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in disputed maritime area — Whether Kenya breached its obligation not to jeopardize or hamper reaching of agreement on maritime delimitation — Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Reparation

International criminal law — International Criminal Court — Article 19(3) of Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998 — States Parties — Scope of application — Palestine — Occupied Palestinian Territory — Scope of Court’s jurisdiction extending to Occupied Palestinian Territory for purposes of Rome Statute

States — Palestine — Whether a State — Whether a State Party to the Statute of the International Criminal Court — Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court

Territory — International Criminal Court — Article 12(2)(a) of Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998 — Whether Palestine qualifying as State Party to Rome Statute — Whether Occupied Palestinian Territory qualifying as territory of State Party to Rome Statute

War and armed conflict — Occupied territory — West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza — Status of territory since 1967 — Oslo Accords — Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court

Sea — Exclusive economic zone — Rights of coastal State — Rights of flag State –– Articles 58 and 92 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”)

International tribunals — Provisional measures — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — Provisional measures requested pending constitution of Annex VII tribunal — Article 290(5) of UNCLOS — Prima facie jurisdiction — Admission that Annex VII tribunal had prima facie jurisdiction over some of Switzerland’s claims — Plausibility of applicant’s rights — Rights and duties under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 — Article 56(2) of UNCLOS — Irreparable prejudice — Urgency — Whether prejudice to applicant’s rights could be repaired by compensation — Evidence filed by Parties — Humanitarian considerations — Bond — Similarity with prompt release — Report on compliance — Removal of case from List

International tribunals — Provisional measures — Jurisdiction — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (“ITLOS”) — Arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII of UNCLOS (“Annex VII tribunal”) — Provisional measures requested pending constitution of Annex VII tribunal — Article 290(5) of UNCLOS — Prima facie jurisdiction — Whether dispute concerning interpretation or application of UNCLOS — Immunity of warships and auxiliary vessels — Immunity of crewmembers — Military activities exception — Article 298(1)(b) of UNCLOS — Whether incident of 25 November 2018 involving military activities excluded from jurisdiction of Annex VII tribunal — Distinction between military and law-enforcement activities — Whether Parties using force in the context of incident of 25 November 2018 — Plausibility of rights invoked by Ukraine — Real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice — Urgency — ITLOS having power to prescribe provisional measures different, in whole or in part, from those requested — Provisional measures for non-aggravation and non-extension of dispute — Binding character of provisional measures — Report on compliance with provisional measures prescribed

Sea — Straits — Kerch Strait — Passage through Kerch Strait obstructed — Confrontation between warships of Ukraine and Russian Federation

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Annex VII — Constitution of Annex VII tribunal — Conditions for jurisdiction of tribunal — Exception for disputes concerning military activities — Confrontation between warships — Subsequent arrest and detention of warships and crews — Whether military activities or law enforcement — Point at which military activity becoming law enforcement — Provisional measures order by International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Whether Annex VII tribunal possessing jurisdiction over claim that respondent did not comply with provisional measures — Whether tribunal possessing jurisdiction over claim for non-aggravation of dispute — Requirement of exchange of views prior to initiation of arbitration proceedings

International tribunals — Provisional measures — Jurisdiction of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to order provisional measures in dispute submitted to arbitration — Whether dependent on existence of jurisdiction over dispute — Non-aggravation order

Sea — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Interpretation and application — Warships — Whether Convention incorporating customary international law on immunity of warships — Arrest of warships of one State for entering waters claimed as territorial sea of another State — Whether arrest occurring in the territorial sea — Settlement of disputes — Annex VII tribunal — Straits — Kerch Strait — Passage through Strait obstructed

State immunity — Warships — Immunity of warships from arrest — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Customary international law

War and armed conflict — Naval confrontation between warships of two States — Arrest of warships and crews — Whether military activity or law enforcement — Prisoners of war — Whether arrested crews prisoners of war